Zaka moyo Hristofora Kolumba: yonena, maulendo, atulukira

Ngakhale kuti wofufuza wotchuka anakhoza kupeza America ndi chithandizo cha Mfumu ya Spain, iye anali mbadwa ya Italy. zaka wamng'ono wa moyo Hristofora Kolumba zinachitika mu kukhudzana kwa Apennine chilumba. Iye anabadwa mu Genoa mu 1451, ndipo anaphunzitsidwa University of Pavia. Chibadwire anakhala pafupi ndi nyanja ndipo anaganiza anadzipereka kuyenda. Komanso n'chakuti zaka za moyo Hristofora Kolumba zinachitika mu nthawi ya atulukira Hrs, pamene anthu a ku Ulaya anasiya m'Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndipo anayamba kufunafuna njira India.

Chiyambi cha navigation

Boma Mkhristu ndalama zolipirira amalinyero kuti apeze mwayi chuma mtengo. Ngakhale pamaso Columbus Apwitikizi nyamukani kum'mawa m'mphepete mwa nyanja Africa. Mu 70s wa, Christopher anaganiza kupeza njira lakutali dziko kumadzulo njira. Malinga kuwerengetsera wake, ayenera kupita komwe pa ufulu wa Canary Islands pambuyo pake kudzakhala kotheka kuti akafike kugombe la Japan.

Pa nthawi yakuti iye anali Portugal, lomwe linali likulu la navigation onse European. Iye anakhala nawo ulendo ku Guinea, kumene Elmina linga inamangidwa 1481. Pa nthawi yomweyo kufufuza wofuna anapita England, Iceland ndi Ireland, komwe anaphunzira za nthano wamba za Vinland. Kotero mu masiku akale, Scandinavia otchedwa dziko lawo lotseguka. Zinali kugombe la North America. Chifukwa chakuti mu Ages Middle panalibe limasonyeza amphamvu pakati pa achikunja ndi Mkhristu Europe, Scandinavia, anapeza anapita padera.

gulu kuyenda kumadzulo

Kwa zaka zambiri, moyo Hristofora Kolumba akhala ntchito pa kuyesera kutsimikizira boma kapena amalonda zosiyanasiyana ndalama ulendo wake wopita ku kumadzulo. Poyamba, anayesa kupeza chinenero NEGOTIANT ku Genoa lakwawo, koma iwo anakana pachiswe ndalama zawo. Mu 1483, ntchitoyi linaikidwa pa gome la Chipwitikizi Mfumu João II. Iye anakana ndi ankapitabe yowopsa.

Pambuyo m'mbuyo pang'ono izi, Christopher anapita ku Spain. Apo iye anali wokhoza tipezekemo thandizo la atsogoleri a m'derali napita naye kwa mfumu ndi mfumukazi. Spain yokhala kulibe. M'malomwake, limati awiri - Castile ndi Aragon. Ukwati wa olamulira awo (Ferdinand ndi Isabella) kumabweretsa pamodzi ndi nkhata ziwiri zofanana. Banjalo adamvera kuti kuyenda panyanja ya. Anaikidwa ntchito, chimene chinali kuwunika ndalama ndi momwe yilungamitsidwa kwa Treasury. Zotsatira loyamba zinali zokhumudwitsa kuti Columbus. Iye anakana ndipo anapempha kuti abwereze asilikali. Ndiye iye anayesera kukambirana ndi mfumu ya England ndi Portugal (kachiwiri).

Pangano ndi Spain

Mu 1492, Spain anagwira Granada ndi maphunziro Reconquista - Muslim anamuponya kunja kwa chilumba cha Iberia. Mfumu ndi mfumukazi kachiwiri anamasulidwa ku ndale chinkhoswe mu ulendo wa Columbus. Mawu omaliza anati Isabella, amene anavomera kugona ngakhale onse chuma wawo ndi zodzikongoletsera pofuna kuti zombo ndi zinthu zina. Woyendetsa Chombo anawuzidwa kuti iye adzakhala viceroy m'mayiko onse amene atsegula. Ndi udindo wa mfulu wake ndi asilikali a Nyanja Ocean, nthawi yomweyo anapatsidwa.

Kuwonjezera akuluakulu Colombia anathandiza mwini Martin Alonso Pinzón, amene anapereka limodzi la zombo zawo ( "Pinta"). Maulendowa woyamba anali nawo Karakka "Santa Maria" chombo "Nina". gulu lonse la anthu zana anali nawo.

Maulendowa loyamba

Zaka Hristofora Kolumba moyo anakhala. Iye kenako anatha kuzindikira maloto ake. Ambiri mwa tsatanetsatane wa paulendo wake woyamba kumadzulo kudziwika kwa ife kuyamika chipika m'chombo, iye anapitiriza tsiku lililonse. zochitika wapatali zimasungika chifukwa chakuti wansembe Bartolome de A Las Casas mu zaka zingapo wapanga buku la pepala.

August 3, 1492 zombo Spanish anasiya gombe. September 16, anatsegula Sargasso Sea. Pa October 13, mu njira ya ngalawa anali m'dziko osadziwika. Columbus anafika ku chilumbachi ndi kumanga pa izo mbendera ya Castile. Iye natchedwa San Salvador. Pano ku Spain koyamba fodya, thonje, chimanga ndi mbatata.

Ndi Aaborijini Columbus anatulukira kuli chilumba china chachikulu, chimene chinali pang'ono kum'mwera. Zinali Cuba. Ndiye maulendowa akukhulupirirabe kuti penapake mu Asia East. Nthuli zina Aaborijini a golide anapezeka kuti anauziridwa timu kupitiriza kufunafuna chuma.

atulukira zina

December 6 anapeza chilumba cha Hispaniola, amene anali anaitana Hispaniola. Zisanachitike, limodzi la zombo "Pinta" anali kunja kwa ulamuliro wa Columbus, ndipo kapitawo aenda ku chilumba china, omwe ankati anali chuma.

December 25 "Santa Maria" anapeza m'madzi, ndipo kenako gulu lake anakhalabe Haiti ndi katundu chaka ndi chida kuti adziteteze. Columbus pa otsiriza ngalawa "Nina" anapita ku Ulaya. M'njiramo iye anakomana "Pinto" imene anapitiriza ulendo kunyumba.

Bwererani ku Europe

Mu March, maulendowa anabwerera ku Spain kumene iye potsiriza anakhala atulukira kudziwika Hristofora Kolumba. Chinali chozizwitsa kwenikweni kwa Ulaya amene koyamba Amwenye, lotengedwa kuchokera ku zilumba m'ngalawa "Nini". Maulendowa Hristofora Kolumba anatenga mphatso zambiri kutali zobisika chikhalidwe - .. Chatsopano zomera, zipatso, etc. Uthenga wa bwino wa Spain zinachititsa kuti mzere zamtendere. Ngakhale cha m'ma XV, Portugal analandira papa lamanja kumtunda subordination anatsegula kunja African Cape Bohador. Popeza ankakhulupirira kuti anapeza mwa zilumba ndinu gawo la India, nkhani pakati mphamvu awiri a udindo wawo.

Mu 1494, pansi kuyimira kwa Papa wa Rome yosainidwa Pangano la Tordesillas, imene umwini m'mayiko amenewa delimited ndi ufulu wa Cape Verde.

Maulendowa yachiwiri

Ngakhale kale kuti chiyambi cha ulendo wachiwiri Hristofora Kolumba. Panthawi imeneyi, lamulo lake, anali kale zombo 17. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa asilikali tsopano kusangalala ndi chisomo chachikulu pa mfumu, mfumukazi ndipo ambiri mwa ambuye Spanish, amene anadzipereka anayamba kumupatsa ndalama paulendowu.

The ulendo wachiwiri Hristofora Kolumba anali wosiyana akadali woyamba ndi zikuchokera timu. nthawi ili pa ngalawa sanali panyanja yekha. Adaonjezeredwa ku amonke ndi amishonale kubatiza anthu zakwawoko. Komanso, malo ake anatengedwa ndi akalonga ndi olemekezeka amene anali kukonza moyo wa njuchi okhazikika kumadzulo.

Pasanathe masiku 20 kuyenda linatsegulidwa Dominica ndi Guadeloupe, kumene anakhala Caribs, kusiyana ndi mtima aukali kwa anansi mtendere. Kukumana koyamba ndi iwo anali m'mphepete mwa chilumba cha Santa Cruz. Pa zilumba chomwecho Virginia ndi Puerto Rico anatulukira.

The kulamulira mwa zilumba

Gulu ankafuna panyanjawa anasiya mu Haiti pa ulendo oyamba. okha matupi ndi zotsalira anapezeka pa malo a linga. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo zochokera forts La Isabella ndi Santo Domingo. Pakali pano, boma la Spain anaganiza kusamutsa ufulu wonse kwa oyendetsa sitima Columbus wina - Amerigo Vespucci. Christopher atadziwa, iye anapita ku Ulaya kutsimikizira wosalakwa. M'nyumba yachifumu, iye ananena kuti afika kale Asia (kwenikweni anali Cuba). Hristofor Kolumb komanso zafotokozedwa kuti kumeneko ndi golide ndipo tsopano pansi maulendo latsopano akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ndende ntchito kwa ubwino waukulu zachuma.

Maulendowa lachitatu

Choncho anayamba ulendo wachitatu Hristofora Kolumba. Mu 1498 zombo wake analambalala Haiti ndipo anapita kum'mwera, kumene, pa ulaliki wa nkulu, anali kukhala migodi. Choncho anatulukira chilumba cha Trinidad, ndi m'kamwa mwa mtsinje Orinoco ku Venezuela lero. Chifukwa ulendo, maulendowa anabwerera ku Haiti (Hispaniola), pamene atsamunda m'dera kale tikudzipereka chiwawa. Iwo sanali zimene dziko pang'ono. Zinali ndiye anaganiza kuthetsa Amwenye m'deralo monga akapolo ndi kuonjezera wambiri munthu.

Komabe, sikuti vuto lenileni, amene anapereka tokha atulukira Hristofora Kolumba. Mu Spain akadali sanalandire golide. Pakali pano, Chipwitikizi kuyenda panyanja Vasco da Gama anali kukwaniritsa weniweni India. Malinga ndi mgwirizano ndi Castile iye anamaliza Africa ndipo anaonekera mu dziko kwambiri oyembekezeka. Pamenepo anabweretsa Portugal zonunkhira mtengo kuti sanali kupezeka mu Europe. Iwo ankawagwiritsa pa yambiri.

Akuluakulu Spanish, pozindikira kuti masewero nyanja mtundu mnzako, anaganiza kuti mupewe okhawo pa kafukufuku Columbus. iye anali mu dera anabwerera ku Europe.

Maulendowa chachinayi

History Hristofora Kolumba akanatha inatha zoipa kwambiri ngati iye anali pa ulendo wake wopambana alibe anzako otchuka - magnates ndi olemekezeka. Iwo anakopa Mfumu Ferdinand kwa Woyendetsa Chombo mwayi wina ndi kupita ku ulendo chachinayi.

Panthawi imeneyi, Columbus zopita kumadzulo chifukwa kudutsa zilumba zambiri. Iye analitsegula kugombe la makono Central America - Honduras ndipo Panama. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti Atlantic Ocean anatseka ena m'gawo lalikulu. September 12, 1503 Columbus nthawi anawasiya kutsegula chisumbu ndi kubwerera ku Spain. Apo iye anadwala kwambiri.

Imfa ndi mtengo wa atulukira

Kuchokera nthawi imeneyi, atulukira kuchita oyendetsa zina, osati Hristofor Kolumb. America wakhala maginito chifukwa ambiri wofuna ndi wofunitsitsa kudziunjikira chuma. Moyo Hristofora Kolumba, azungu zovuta matenda. Iye anafa May 20, 1506 pa msinkhu wa zaka 54. kuonongeka wakhala pafupifupi amaona mu Spain. Mtengo wa atulukira Columbus zinadziwika okha patapita zaka zingapo, pamene conquistadors anapeza golide mu America. Zimenezi zinathandiza Spain adzilemeretse ndipo kwa zaka zambiri kuti akhale otchuka monarchies European.