History of Brest Linga. Ngwazi za Brest Linga

Magwero ena amanena kuti mbiri ya Brest Linga anayamba zaka pamaso ft iye zozizwitsa mu 1941. Izi ndi zoona. Linga akhala akhalipo. Complete kukhazikitsanso wa citadel akale m'tauni Berestye (dzina mbiri ya Brest) inayamba mu 1836 yomwe inatenga zaka 6.

Chikadzangotha moto wa 1835 boma tsarist anaganiza modernize mpanda wolimba, m'tsogolo, kuti adzalipereka udindo wa kumudzi kumadzulo kwambiri m'dziko.

akale Brest

masiku linga ku m'ma 11, amatchula zimenezi mungaipeze odziwika "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" lomwe likuthandiza zithunzi amafotokoza za nkhondo ufumu pakati pa akalonga awiri lalikulu - Svyatopolk ndi Jaroslav.

Kukhala malo yaikulu kwambiri - pa promontory pakati pa mitsinje awiri Western Bug ndi Mukhavets, Berestye posakhalitsa anapeza udindo wa malo kugula lalikulu.

Kale, njira yaikulu kuyenda wamalonda anali mitsinje. Ndipo apa lonse madzi ziwiri anapatsidwa mwayi kusamukira katundu kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo ndi mosemphanitsa. Cholakwika Mtsinje ndikhoza kufika kwa Poland, Lithuania ndi Europe, ndi pa Mukhavets kudzera Pripyat ndi Dnieper - m'chigawo Black Sea ndi Middle East.

Limodzi likhoza ndikulingalira momwe wokongola anali linga akale a Brest. mafanizo Photo ndi zojambula za mpanda wolimba wa m'nyengo yoyambirira - osungira nyama, angapezeke okha monga zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho owonetsera zakale.

Chifukwa kulanda kwamuyaya kwa Brest Linga akuwayang'anira a boma ndi makonzedwe a tauni njira yake, ndondomeko ndi kumudzi, ndi m'mudzi lasintha zazing'ono. Ena a iwo anauziridwa ndi zofuna za nthawi Komabe, zaka zoposa mazana asanu Brest Linga anatha kusunga khalidwe wapachiyambi akale ndi chikhalidwe yoyenera.

1812. The French mu citadel ndi

Brest kumalire madera wakhala chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa mzinda Zaka 800 History of Brest Linga ulamuliro ndi kulanda Turov Duchy la Lithuania, Rzeczpospolita (Poland), ndipo okha 1795 Brest anakhala mbali ya dziko Russian.

Koma pamaso pa nkhondo ya boma Napoleon a Russian kofunika kwambiri mpanda wolimba wakale. Mpaka nthawi ya Chirasha French Nkhondo ya 1812 Brest Linga watsimikizira udindo wake monga kumudzi odalirika, amene ambiri ananena kuti atithandize, ndi kuwononga adani.

The French, nayenso, Anasiya Brest okha, koma asilikali Russian n'kuyambiranso mpanda wolimba, anapambana apambane pa French mayunitsi apakavalo.

Chisankho mbiri

Kupambana kumeneku kunali poyambira akutchula boma tsarist kumanga malo a akale linga kosalimba zokwanira mtima watsopano ndi amphamvu, zoyenerana ndi mzimu wa nthawi kalembedwe mapulani ndiponso kufunika asilikali.

Nanga ngwazi za Brest linga la 1812 nkhondo zaka? Ndipotu kanthu asilikali idzagwiritsa maonekedwe a daredevils wosimidwa ndi okonda dziko lawo. maina awo sitikudziwa ku mabwalo lonse wa ndiye pagulu, koma n'zotheka kuti mphotho zawo kulimba mtima iwo ndalandira kwa manja a Mfumu Alexander.

Moto mu Brest

A moto wokhawokha ndi kuthetsa wakale 1835, inapita patsogolo ndondomeko ya kukhazikitsanso wamkulu wa Brest Linga. Zolinga za ndiye akatswiri ndi mapulani chakhala kupasula nyumba akale kwawo kumanga zatsopano mapulani khalidwe ndi kufunika njira maofesi.

The moto anawononga pafupifupi 300 nyumba ku linga, ndi ichi, Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kunapezeka kuti pa dzanja ndi boma liyenera, ndi omanga, ndi anthu a m'tauni.

kukhazikitsanso

Opereka moto akuvutika malipilo mu mawonekedwe a ndalama ndi katundu, boma adawawumiriza kuthetsa osati mu chotchinga, ndipo payokha - makilomita awiri kuchokera kumudzi, motero kupereka ntchito limodzi la linga - zozitetezera.

History of Brest Linga nawonso adziwe chotero kukhazikitsanso odzitukumula: akale linga unawonongedwa pansi, ndi mu malo ake anakula linga wamphamvu ndi makoma wandiweyani, dongosolo lonse la m'mwamba mlatho, zikugwirizana ndi atatu zilumba yokumba, ndi phata forts okonzeka ravelins ndi angaloŵe khumi zadothi khoma, ndi embrasures yopapatiza kulola zokometsera kukhalabe maximally kutetezedwa pa shelling.

mphamvu zoteteza Linga m'zaka 19

Kuwonjezera nyumba choteteza chimene kumene, zimapezeka mu lonyansa Adani n'kofunika ndi chiwerengero cha asilikali ophunzitsidwa bwino kutumikira mu kumalire mpanda wolimba komanso.

Zoteteza citadel strategy anabadwa mwa mapulani kuti subtleties lapansi. N'chifukwa chaketu kupereka wamba asilikali m'chipindacho mtengo wa kulimbitsa waukulu? Akukhala mu madera ndi mipanda mamita awiri wandiweyani, aliyense wa servicemen anali Subconsciously okonzeka kusonyeza kuukira zotheka za mdani, kwenikweni analumpha kuchokera pa kama - nthawi iliyonse tsiku.

500 casemates a linga mosavuta kupsa asilikali 12,000 ndi zida zonse komanso kamba masiku angapo. m'chipindacho anali abisala m'maso kuwafunsa mafunso ochititsa manyazi, kuti pamaso pawo ankadabwa ndikulingalira sazidziwa bwinobwino - anali mu pakatikati pa lomwelo khumi mita chiunda chomenyerapo nkhondo.

Mbali A njira mapulani a linga la anakhala kugwirizana inextricable malowo: nsanja yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda ataphimbidwa ndi moto linga lalikulu, ndi ku forts ndi ili zilumba, izo zikanakhala zotheka kuchititsa moto cholinga choteteza kutsogolo.

Pamene Nyumbayi inali ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri ndi mphete 9 forts, anthu pafupifupi invulnerable: aliyense wa iwo inkatha asilikali lonse la asilikali (ndilo 250 servicemen), kuphatikiza 20 mfuti.

Brest Linga mu yamtendere

Mu nthawi ya bata pa malire a boma Brest anayeza moyo mumasangalala nawo. Ndipo mu mzinda, ndi linga analamulira enviable zonse, utumiki anachita mu mpingo. Pa linga munali mipingo ingapo - akadali woyenera nambala yaikulu asilikali mpingo umodzi mwa njira iliyonse ine sindikanakhoza.

Mmodzi wa agulupa m'dera anamangidwanso mu nyumbayi misonkhano ya akapitawo, ndi akuluakulu otchedwa White Palace.

Koma mu nthawi ya chete kulinga si choncho n'zosavuta kupeza kumeneko. Khomo la "mtima" wa citadel munali zipata anayi. Atatu a iwo, monga chizindikiro cha inaccessibility awo, boma analipo a Brest Linga. owonetsera zakale Imayamba ndi chipata akale: Kholmsk Terespolsky, Northern ... Aliyense wa iwo analamulidwa kukhala Mungapeze paradaiso zokometsera ambiri m'nkhondo m'tsogolo.

Zida linga madzulo a World Choyamba

Pa chipwirikiti ku Ulaya, linga la Brest-Litovsk, Anakhalabe a chitetezo yodalirika kumalire Chirasha Polish. Ntchito yaikulu ya citadel - "magawowa ufulu zochita za asilikali ndi m'nyanja," yemwe analibe zida zamakono ndi zida.

Wa mayunitsi 871 a zida,% 34 zokha akwaniritsa zofunikira za nkhondo zinthu zamakono, mfuti otsala anali achikale. mfuti zina chogwidwa zakale kuti angathe kubayidwa pa mtunda wa osapitirira 3 miles. Panthawi imeneyi, mdani angathe anali mortars ndi machitidwe zida zankhondo .45.

Mu 1910 aeronautic battalion a linga linali kutaya airship, yosapitirira mu 1911 Brest-Litovsk Linga wapadera lachifumu lamulolo okonzeka ndi malo ake wailesi.

The nkhondo zoyambirira za m'ma 20

The First World nkhondo anapeza Brest Linga mu zinazake mtendere - yomanga. Amakopeka ndi m'mudzimo kuchokera m'midzi yapafupi ndi kutali mwachangu anamanga forts kwambiri.

Linga akanati otetezedwa bwino ngati si anathyola madzulo a kusintha ankhondo, zomwe zinachititsa Corps unatha ndipo anataya mudzi wa asilikali kumenyana asilikali. Pa chiyambi cha World Choyamba mu Brest-Litovsk linga anali yekha militias kuti pa mthunzi wa anakakamizika kuwotcha kwambiri wangwiro ndi zapamwamba kumudzi.

Koma mwambo waukulu wa nkhondo yoyamba zaka mazana makumi awiri ndi mpanda wolimba sanali chifukwa zochita nkhondo - ndi Brest pangano mtendere lalembedwa mkati mwa makoma ake.

Luso Brest Linga Ali ndi mtundu wosiyana ndi chilengedwe, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo ndi yofunika iyi kwa nthawi zimenezo panganoli.

Pamene anthu anamva za ungwazi wa Brest

m'nthawi kwambiri kudziwa Brest citadel pa zochitika za tsiku loyamba la kuukira wonyenga wa Nazi ku Germany pa Soviet Union. Information za anaonekera osati kamodzi, anaulura ndi Germany okha mosayembekezera: tisonyeza udani amasirira ungwazi wa zokometsera wa Brest mu zolemba munthu, amene pambuyo pake zinapezeka ndi lofalitsidwa atolankhani asilikali.

Izo zinachitika mu 1943-1944. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, za ungwazi wa onse omvera citadel zinali losadziwika, ndipo opulumuka "nyama chopukusira" ngwazi za Brest Linga, monga akuluakulu mkulu wa asilikali, nthawi ankamuona ngati akaidi a nkhondo, anagonja kwa mdani wamantha.

Information kuti ndewu m'dera tochilis mu citadel, ndi July ndi ngakhale mu August 1941, komanso sizinayende kukhala pagulu. Koma tsopano mbiri yakale anganene motsimikiza: Brest linga, zimene mdani kuyembekezera kutenga maola 8 unachitika kwa nthawi yaitali.

Tsiku inayake wa Jahannama: June 22, 1941

Pamaso nkhondo, yemwe sayembezereka, Brest linga anayang'ana kwambiri negrozno: akale zadothi khoma bulu, inamera udzu, m'dera - maluwa ndi playgrounds. Kumayambiriro June ndi regiments waukulu anaima pa malo, mbasiya wake ndipo anapita yotentha msasa maphunziro.

Usiku wa pa June 22, kumudzi anali pafupifupi chitetezo.

History of Brest Linga kwa zaka zonse sankadziwa koma wa perfidy limeneli la maola tinkacheza yochepa mausiku yotentha anali phula kuti anthu akumoto. Mwadzidzidzi, balamanthu, mpanda wolimba linatsegulidwa zida zankhondo moto, anagwira aliyense modzidzimutsa kupezeka, ndipo ndi gawo la kunja wakhala anathamangira 17,000 ankhanza "anyamata" kuchokera Wehrmacht.

Koma ngakhale magazi kapena mantha, kapena akudzanja la imfa sakanakhoza kuswa ndi kuletsa zokometsera amunamuna a Brest. Iwo anamenyera masiku asanu ndi atatu, malinga ndi kafukufuku boma. Ndipo miyezi iwiri - malinga ndi zosavomerezeka.

Si choncho yosavuta sakufulumiranso kupereka Brest Linga. Kumenyana 1941 anakhala malodza ya Inde onse zina za nkhondo ndi mdani anasonyeza kupanda mawerengedwe ake ozizira ndi wapamwamba-chida chimene Umapeza sizimadziwika ungwazi bwino zida, koma ardently kukonda lawo wa Asilavo.

"Kulankhula" Miyala

Kodi tsopano mwakachetechete amakuwa Brest Linga? M'nyumbayi wateteza zakale zambiri ndi miyala, pamene inu mungakhoze kuwerenga mbiri ya zokometsera. Short mawu mu mizere imodzi kapena ziwiri kutenga mwamsanga, nakhudza misozi mibadwo yonse, ngakhale kuwomba mouma, ngati munthu wouma ndi businesslike.

Muscovites: Ivanov, Stepanchikov Zhuntyaev ndi kutsogolera mbiri ya nyengo oopsa - yapadera mwala, misozi mtima. Awiri a iwo anafa ndi otsala Ivanov Ankadziwanso kuti iye sibwezi analonjeza kale: "Panali grenade lomaliza. Moyo m'mbuyo, "kenako anafunsa kuti:" kubwezera ife, comrades ".

Mwa umboni wakuti linga anachisunga masiku yaitali kuposa eyiti otsala masiku pamwala: July 20, 1941 - ndi osiyana kwambiri a iwo.

Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la ungwazi ndi kukana wa zokometsera kwa dziko lonse, basi ayenera kukumbukira tsiku ndi malo: Brest linga, 1941.

Pangani chikumbutso

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera ntchito ya m'dziko la mpanda wolimba wa oimira Soviet Union (ndi mkulu wa anthu) zinatha kumeneko mu 1943. Ndipo pa nthawiyi panali mabuku a malemba a zolemba a asilikali German ndi alonda.

Pamaso Brest anali nthano, wadutsa kuchokera mkamwa pakamwa pa amadzibisa onse ndi kumbuyo. Kuti zochitika za mwambo kuti asiye mtundu uliwonse zopeka (ngakhale khalidwe zabwino) ndipo analanda ungwazi wa Brest achitetezo kwa zaka zambiri, kumudzi kumadzulo, anaganiza reclassify kuti chikumbukiro.

Kukhazikitsa mfundo zinachitika zaka zochepa pambuyo pa nkhondo - mu 1971. Mabwinja, kuwotchedwa ndi shelled makoma - zonsezi wakhala mbali yofunika chionetserocho. nyumba owonongeka ndi wapadera, ndipo ndi mtokoma wa umboni cha kulimba mtima kwa zokometsera.

Komanso, Brest Linga chikumbutso zaka mtendere ndinapeza zipilala angapo thematic ndi zipilala za chiyambi zaposachedwapa, amene zogwirizana ziziwayendera mu gulu loyimba lapadera linga-owonetsera zakale ndi rigor ake ndi conciseness anagogomeza zinachitika mu makoma awa tsoka.

Brest Linga mu mabuku

Wotchuka kwambiri ndi maganizo ntchito ngakhale pang'ono za Brest Linga anali bukhu S. S. Smirnova. Anakumana ndi mboni ndipo opulumuka za chitetezo cha citadel, mlembiyu anaganiza adzabweretsa chilungamo ndi kubisa mayina enieni a m'nkhaniyi, amene ndiye boma zikuchititsa kuti kukhala mu ndende German.

Ndipo iye anachita izo, ngakhale kuti nthawi sanali kwambiri demokalase - m'ma 50s wa atumwi wotsiriza.

Ambiri athandiza kwambiri kuti abwerere mwakale, sanyoza mbadwa buku "Brest Linga" wamoyo. Photos wa anthu mwayi ambiri lofalitsidwa womkanikizawo, mayina adawomba pa wailesi. ngakhale mkombero wailesi unakhazikitsidwa anadzipereka kupeza zokometsera wa Brest achitetezo.

Smirnov anali chipatso cha kupulumutsiramo ulusi, limene, ngati khalidwe m'nthano ndi mdima wa anaiwalika anabwera ngwazi zina - zokometsera wa Brest, privates ndi atsogoleri. Pakati pawo: Major Gavrilov, Commissioner Fomin, Semenenko msilikali, Captain Zubachev.

Brest Linga - chipilala olimba mtima ndi ulemerero wa anthu, ndithu chogwirika komanso zakuthupi. Ambiri nthano zachinsinsi za zokometsera mopanda mantha anthu moyo lero. Ife tikudziwa iwo mu mawonekedwe a ntchito mabuku ndi nyimbo, nthawi zina zopezeka folklore.

Ndipo nthano zimenezi moyo kupyola mu mibadwo, chifukwa cha Brest Linga ft woyenera kumbukirani za iye, ndi 21 m ndi 22 m, ndipo m'zaka zotsatira.