Polovtsian steppe: kufotokoza, mbiri, anthu ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Mawu akuti "Polovtsian steppe" linagwiritsidwa ntchito Ages Middle udindo chilengedwe Eurasian steppe, amene Cumans ambiri ankakhala. Choyamba, dzina munakhala mu Persia, ndiyeno unakhala wotchuka mu mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo ku Russia. Arab anagwiritsanso ntchito mawu akuti "Kipchak sitepe", mwachitsanzo. K. Polovtsi akhala kudziwika monga kypchaki a. m'mafuko amenewa ankalamulira m'dera mu XI-XIII zaka. Mapeto a ulamuliro awo amalembedwa nkhondo Mongol.

Pofunafuna nyumba yatsopano

Mwachirengedwe Polovtsian steppe chimakwirira danga yaikulu. Iwo anayamba kumanzere mtsinje wa Danube, pa malire a masiku ano Romania. Misasa wotanganidwa mayiko a makono Moldova, Ukraine, Russia ndi Kazakhstan. Mfundo kum'maŵa angatchedwe Nyanja Balkhash. Mu malire kumwera kwa steppe panali Nyanja Black, ndi Caucasus Mountains, Nyanja Caspian ndi theka-m'chipululu cha Asia Central. Mu kumpoto kuika malire zachilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a nkhalango za malire chapamwamba za Dnieper, mayiko a ku North-East Russia, Volga Bulgaria, ndi Kama Mtsinje ndi Irtysh. Komanso Polovtsian steppe unagawidwa kumadzulo (ku Danube kwa Nyanja ya Caspian) ndi kum'mawa (kuchokera Caspian kuti Altai).

Mpaka m'zaka XI Kipchak anakhala pa magombe a Irtysh. Koma padziko 1030, anasamukira ku kumadzulo, pokhala ku Eastern Europe. Resettlement sanali mtendere. Atasamukira kumadzulo, Cumans anathamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo Pechenegs ndi Hungarians. Iwo anali adani a msipu watsopano. Nkomwe wongosamukasamuka anali iwo ndendende amene amasonkhana m'mayiko kutali kumadzulo. Koma mfundo ndi yakuti palibe mafuko steppe ku Eastern Europe sanasiye alimbane awo.

anansi polovtsev

Kumayambiriro kwa XI m'ma Polovtsian steppe anapeza eni watsopano, amene anakhala pa malamulo ankhanza wa demokalase asilikali. Nkhondo (ndipo choncho, wasamuka anthu onse) lotsogoleredwa ndi atsogoleri aluso amene ankafuna kuvomereza nkhondo. Pakuti chipangizo woyendayendawu ndi mphamvu anali ubiquitous. mwalowa ambiri anali ndi chidwi m'derali, kumpoto kwa komwe inu munayamba Lazaro. Polovtsian steppe yokutidwa pano ndi dziko kwambiri chonde Komanso abwino kwambiri msipu ng'ombe ndi mahatchi, popanda imene steppe sankaimira moyo wake. Amenewa anali Azov ndi wotsika Don mayiko. Komanso zino monga panopa Donetsk dera la Ukraine (lero kuli paki malo "Polovtsian steppe").

Pamaso malo amenewa anakhala Pechenegs ndi Bulgarians. Nearby malire chapamwamba kumpoto Donets anali kuwerengedwa ndi akumidzi malo woyendayendawu apakavalo anafika anali kovuta. Panali Alans - ndi zotsala za eni wakale wa m'nkhalango steppe. Komanso malire m'munsi wa Volga kuti analipo kale ndi Khazar Khanate, anawononga Asilavo asilikali Svyatoslav wa Kiev. Chiwerengero cha mayiko amenewa pang'onopang'ono wothira Polovtsy ndi ena anasintha maonekedwe awo mu ndondomeko kuloŵerera.

mtundu cauldron

N'zoona malo atsopano, Kipchak anakhala anansi guzskih ndi Pecheneg magulu. Izi wongosamukasamuka anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu zikuchokera latsopano Polovtsian ammudzi. Mphamvu Guz ndi Pechenegs yaikulu miyambo m'manda a ambuye latsopano steppes lapansi. Kukhala pa magombe a Irtysh, polovtsy anatsanulira mwala n'chodabwitsa. thupi lake zoyenera mutu kum'mawa. Kwenikweni anaika pafupi ndi mtembo wa kavalo, amene otchlenyali mapazi. Pankhaniyi Polovtsy steppe anali achilendo kwa mbali. Ali ndi maulemu chomwecho anakwiriridwa amuna ndi akazi.

Pa malo atsopano okhala, miyambo zakhala amaona chapansipansi za miyambo yakale ya anthu am'deralo lapansi. M'malo mwa n'chodabwitsa mwala anabwera yomanga yosavuta. M'malo mwake, kavalo anayamba kukaika effigy wake. thupi tsopano mutu wake kumadzulo. Kusintha mwambo wa maliro sakanakhoza kukhala bwino zimaonetsa ndi kulimbikira kusintha mtundu anakumana Polovtsian steppe. Anthu a dera ili wakhala m'goli. Polovtsi chiwerengero sanali ngakhale ambiri poyerekeza ndi anansi ake. Koma ndi iwo amene kwa zaka ziwiri dera anagwira zeze woyamba, chifukwa mwa iwo anali a asilikali kwambiri udakali wamphamvu, chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa otsutsa ndi mpikisano.

kupeza dziko

ofukula ano mosavuta tathanthauzira gawo, lomwe Ages Middle anatenga Cumans, chifukwa cha ziboliboli khalidwe mwala. Woyamba fano ngati anaonekera pa gombe la nyanja Azov ndi malire m'munsi mwa Seversky Donets. Ndi athyathyathya ndipo stelovidnye ziboliboli zosonyeza nkhope ndi mbali zina za chithunzi anthu (mikono, chifuwa). chithunzichi kapena akukopeka kapena chopangidwa mu mawonekedwe a ziboliboli otsika.

Ngakhale nkhondo ya ku Mongolia mu steppe Polovtsian sanawononge misewu imeneyi chidwi cha lothandiza pa. Chifaniziro amaonetsera amuna ndi akazi, ndipo akhala makhalidwe kuvomerezedwa achikunja tiakachisi, amene nawonso, mwa kungoona gawo lachiwiri la nomadism. Pambuyo gawo loyamba (kuwukira ndi kusamuka lokha) Polovets Society okhazikika. Konzani njirazo woyendayendawu. Apeza mpaka kalekale dzinja ndi chirimwe magalimoto. Kulera ziboliboli achipembedzo steppe motsindika: ali mu nyumba zawo zatsopano kwa nthawi yaitali.

Cumans ndi Russia

Umboni woyamba wa alendo pa Polovtsy monga 1030 ndi. Pamene iwo anayamba kukonza yokopa woyamba ndi anansi awo kuti adani. anthu Kukwatiwa mayiko Mkhristu chidwi pang'ono zimene zinali kuchitika mu steppe zakutchire ndi lakutali. Choncho, nthawi yoyamba iwo anayankhula za Polovtsy pa ndendende nthawi pamene iwo anatiloŵera m'nyumba zawo.

Yapafupi mnansi wongosamukasamuka watsopano (monga momwe zilili ndi Pechenegs) anali Russ. Kwa nthawi yoyamba Cumans anayesa kulanda chuma m'mayiko East Asilavo mu 1060. Kudzachita alendo sanatiitane anasiya gulu lankhondo la Prince Svyatoslav wa Chernigov Yaroslavovych. Zinali kanayi zosakwana magulu a okhalamo steppe, koma sindinasiye kumuwombera Russian anamugonjetsa mdaniyo. chaka ambiri wongosamukasamuka anaphedwa ndi kumizidwa mu madzi a mtsinje kachiwiri. Komabe, msonkhanowo unali usanayambe, vuto zina okha, amene anali wokonzeka kugwera pa Russia.

standoff yaitali

Mpaka 1060 mu kum'mawa m'mayiko Asilavo palibe munthu amene anali kudziwa zimene steppe Polovtsian. Mkubwela kwa kumalire a kuthengo ndi molapitsa wongosamukasamuka, amene zinaipa kwambiri kuposa Pechenegs, anthu a Russia involuntarily anali azolowere zosasangalatsa m'dera latsopano. Kwa zaka pafupifupi ziwiri zaka zambiri Polovtsy mowirikiza kuwukira kwawo.

Pakuti Russia chitsutso ichi chinali choopsa kwambiri ndi kovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ndi m'zaka XI, pamaso pa boma limodzi walowa siteji ya kugawikana ndale. Poyamba alipo monolithic Kiev mphamvu anatha kulimbana pa mawu ofanana ndi kumuopseza kuti exudes Polovtsian steppe. Makamaka gulu la Russia anatsogolera chakuti pa m'gawo lake pakhala angapo palokha maukulu. Nthawi zambiri osati ogwirizana khama lawo polimbana steppe, komanso anamenyana wina ndi mzake.

kuopseza latsopano

Polovtsi ndewu zambiri ntchito kulangidwa, zolanda ndi kupita ku ntchito yaukapolo wa anthu wamba chitetezo midzi kum'mwera. Komanso, wongosamukasamuka anayamba ganyu utumiki wa ena akalonga, pamene ankamenyana ndi achibale awo ku maukulu wapafupi. Choncho polovtsy momasuka atagonjetsa kwambiri mu Russia ndi apo uchinyali kuphana.

ulamuliro Polovtsian m'chigawo cha kum'mawa kwa Ulaya mbisoweka pambuyo ku Asia anabwera yoweyula ina wongosamukasamuka. Awa anali asilikaliwa. Iwo ndi zambiri zambiri, ferocity ndi nkhanza. Kwa zaka ziwiri, kunja kwa mzinda wa Europe Cumans tingati yokuthandizani kukhala chitukuko. Makhalidwe a ku Mongolia anali wowawa kwambiri ndi zambiri zigawenga.

Mofulumira wa Polovtsian

Kwa nthawi yoyamba gulu latsopano litalanda dziko Polovtsy mu 1220 ndi. Otsiriza ogwirizana ndi akalonga Russian, koma iyeyo linagonja mu Nkhondo ya Kalka Mtsinje. Palibe ankayembekezera kuopseza zoipazi kuyimilira asilikaliwa. The Polovtsian steppes chirichonse chinali pafupi kusintha kwambiri. Pambuyo anaukira woyamba Mongolian mwadzidzidzi Kunyoza. Komabe, mu 1236, anabwerera. Mu zaka zingapo, iwo anapambana steppe onse Polovtsian mpaka kumalire ndi Hungary. Ndiponso, woyikidwa msonkho kwa Russia.

Polovtsi silinathe ku nkhope ya dziko lapansi, koma iwo akukhala mu malo ukapolo. Pang'onopang'ono, anthu awa wosakaniza ndi Mongol magulu. Kuyambira kuloŵerera izi zinachitika Chitata, Bashkirs, ndi zina zotero. D. Popeza m'ma XIII, mawu akuti "Polovtsian steppe" wakhala chachikale chinkawavuta.