Kodi chaka ndi amene anapha Lincoln?

Mu mbiri ya United States pali zambiri zochitika chidwi ndi zomvetsa chisoni zimene zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha dziko. Mmodzi wa awa - kuphedwa kwa Pulezidenti Lincoln mu 1865. N'chifukwa amene anapha Lincoln, mu nthawi zimene mbiri izo zinachitika - mayankho a mafunso amenewa chidwi owerenga nkhani. Tidzatha kuchita dzina monga zofunikila ngati nkotheka.

Iye anaphedwa Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln - pulezidenti 16 US, amene amaonedwa ngwazi yadziko ndi mpulumutsi wa anthu akuda ku ukapolo, - imodzi ya m'nkhaniyi wotchuka ndi wokondedwa mbiri ya Amerika. Iye anali pulezidenti, kuyambira 1861, mu nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa America - pa Civil nkhondo ndi nkhondo pakati pa North ndi South. Mu 1865 kukonzanso osankhidwa kachiwiri kuposa anatisonyeza mmene yogwira iye mothandizidwa ndi America.

April 9 yatha nkhondo yapachiweniweni mu United States, dziko anapumira momasuka. April 14, 1865, Pulezidenti Lincoln chikuchitika ndi mkazi wake kusewera mu Ford a Theatre (Washington). Bwererani Wakummwera wotentheka, wosewera Dzhon Uilks Koma, likulowerera mu bokosi Pulezidenti ndi akuwombera naye mutu. Kudumpha bokosi, Booth anafuula kuti: "Ufulu! South cilango! "Ndipo n'kuthawa.

Popanda ayambirenso kutsitsimuka, mmawa wotsatira Abraham Lincoln anafa. Achimereka anali kwambiri amakwiya pamene anamva kuti kumene osankhidwa wokondedwa ndi kulemekezedwa ndi anthu ambiri anaphedwa Pulezidenti Lincoln. 1865 anakhalabe kosatha mbiri US chaka cha kuphedwa kwa Pulezidenti. Pambuyo Lincoln anali wotchuka kwambiri ndi wokongola munthu, wokhala ndi kuona mtima ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino.

Choncho amene ndi chifukwa Lincoln anaphedwa pa zifukwa za ndale kapena munthu chidani wakupha pulezidenti - adzayesa kumvetsa izi poganizira zochitika m'mbiri ya nthawi imeneyo, chizindikiro cha wakupha ndi wovulalayo wake.

Abraham Lincoln: ubwana ndi unyamata

Abraham Lincoln anabadwa mu Hodgenville (Kentucky) February 12, 1809 mu banja la mlimi wosauka. Pofuna kukhala wopanda banja dziko posachedwapa anasamukira ku Indiana. mayi ake anamwalira iye ali ndi zaka 7, ndipo bambo ake anakwatira mkazi wamasiye ndi ana atatu. Abraham anali ndi zonse kuyang'ana kwa ntchito kuthandiza banja, makamaka ntchito ya thupi iye ganyu wokwera, msaki, ndi ntchito, kukusonyeza monga nthumwi ya kampani malonda.

Ndicho chifukwa chake kuphunzira pa sukulu basi 1 chaka, kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Koma pa nthawi, ambiri azikonda kuphunzira anamutengera kudzimvera phunziro, zimene zathandiza kuti asangokhala kulemba munthu wotha, koma ndi loya ophunzira.

Ndi '21, pamene Lincoln anaganiza kuchita zofuna zawo, chokani kwa banja, unali wanzeru mnyamata wamtali (193 cm), mlingo wa erudition kuposa wina wamng'ono, iye anaphunzira kwa zaka zambiri kusukulu. Nkhani ya moyo wake - ndi mndandanda wa zokwera ndi zotsika, kupambana kapena kulephera.

Chiyambi cha ntchito zake zandale

Mu 1832, Lincoln kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyesera kuti kusankhidwa malamulo a Illinois, koma zinalephereka. Pambuyo pake Yoswa zaka zochepa ndi tima kudziletsa kuphunzira malamulo ndi zina sayansi. M'zaka zimenezi iye amayamba maganizo ofooketsa vuto la ukapolo ku United States, zomwe kenako unachita pa zoopsazo chinachitika kwa iye. Izi ziyenera Nkhani atadziwa zifukwa Lincoln anaphedwa.

Kuti ndalama kuti moyo ndi kuphunzira, Abraham ndi anzanu akuyamba ntchito zamalonda ndi kutsegula ritelo shopu, koma malonda si kopindulitsa. Ndiyeno analowa utumiki monga postmaster ku New Salemu, kenako amakhala yoyeza. Ngakhale anzake achinyamata kumupatsa dzina lakuti "Mwachilungamo Abe," chimene iye choyenera pa kuona mtima ndi kukhulupirika mtheradi.

Yeseraninso phungu Assembly Zokonza anali bwino 1835, mapazi ake wotsatira unali mayeso mutu wa wazamalamulo, amene anatha kukonza zonse palokha. Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira, chinkhoswe mu mwambo wa chilamulo, anakhala wotchuka ngati kumbuyo anthu osauka kupeza milandu zovuta kwambiri disinterested kwathunthu. Kwa zaka zambiri ali maulendo 4 zosankhidwa Whig phwando, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku mzinda wa Springfield.

moyo wake pa zaka zimenezi nawonso wasintha. Mu 1842 G. A. Linkoln anakwatira M. Todd. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, moyo wake wonse ankadwala matenda majini - Marfan matenda, chimene chimaoneka mu expressivity mkulu, choncho nthawi zambiri maganizo. Mkazi Mary anamukonda kwambiri ndipo anathandiza maganizo ake pandale. Atangoyamba Pulezidenti Lincoln anaphedwa, iye anali limakonda chifukwa ndi kufa.

Pa 4 mabanja anabadwa ana, koma 3 vinaonongedwa ana. Mwana yekhayo moyo, mwana wamkulu, Robert Lincoln, kumenyana ngati woyendetsa, anadzakhala nduna za nkhondo, ndi mu 1889 anakhala nthumwi US mu England, akamafika ukalamba.

Mu 1846, Lincoln adza kwa Nyumba ya oimira boma la Whig wake. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iye anawadzudzula mfundo US la adani awo, amene anawonekera pa Mexican-American Nkhondo, ndi m'chisomo cha chiyembekezo chakuti ukapolo. Chifukwa cha mfundo zimenezi zandale iye anali kupuma pa ndale ndi kuchita zokhudza malamulo kachiwiri. Iye akukhala mlangizi njanji ntchito "Illinois chapakati".

Mu 1854 analenga Republican Party mu US, amene anayamba kulimbana chiyembekezo chakuti ukapolo, ndi 2, Lincoln amakhala nthumwi zake, koma osankhidwawo choyamba anataya kwa mdani wakeyo ku Democratic Party.

Komabe, kale mu 1860, chipani amaika patsogolo phungu wake mu ofesi mutsogoleli wadziko. Zikomo kuti kutchuka kwake monga olimbika pa ntchito ndi wandale woonamtima, kubwera kuchokera kwa anthu, Abraham Lincoln ayamba 80% ya mavoti onse ndipo anali pulezidenti wa 16 US. Koma si onse maganizo ake pandale, makamaka ukapolo, kukumana kwabasi. Ena andale sindimagwirizana naye, ndipo ngakhale ena limati akuyesera kulengeza achire ake ku boma, ndipo iye ali ndi mawu zimene chiyembekezo chakuti a ukapolo sanakonzekere posachedwapa.

mochedwa unpleasantness

mawu amoto pulezidenti amene anatsutsa ukapolo monga chodabwitsa chiwerewere, anakana zakuti kuli boma mu mkhalidwe "theka-ukapolo ndi theka-ufulu." Pankhaniyi, pulezidenti-osankhidwa anali ndi malo antchito m'malo zolimbitsa. Kwambiri kukana ukapolo, analankhula za ndikosatheka yokakamiza Kulipira ake, kuti kuti asaswe katundu ufulu wa Obzala mpesawo ndi kupewa boma kugawanika.

Masankho a Abraham Lincoln mu 1860 pulezidenti anapangitsa secession akum'mwera limati kapolo wa United States ndi Confederacy, lomwe likulu lake ku Richmond. Ngakhale Lincoln amagwira anaitana kugwirizana kwa dziko, nkhondo iye sanakhoze kulepheretsa, m'mawu ake wofika. Nkhondo ya pakati pa North ndi South unayambitsidwa mu 1861, kungoti ukapolo pakati limati amene anali ndi maganizo otsutsa. chilakolako pulezidenti kupereka ufulu kwa anthu akuda a America ndi kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha adani ndi adani a ndale a wake. Pakati otsutsa amenewa ndi amene anapha Abraham Lincoln.

Civil nkhondoyo inali kupitiriza, ndi zomvetsa zachuma ndi ovulala anthu onse chulukanani ndi nkhani ukapolo idzathetsedwe. Inasintha ulemu mfulu kwa pulezidenti kukhazikitsidwa mu 1862 wa Act uchikumbe, chimene nzika iliyonse (amene sankachita nawo nkhondoyo kumbali ya South) kupeza dziko chuma kwa msonkho wa $ 10. Zimenezi zathandizira kuti n'kukhalamo m'dziko wopanda, kuthetsa mavuto ulimi zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha ulimi ndi ulimi mu dziko. kutchuka Lincoln anayamba kukula mofulumira.

Pa zaka zonsezi, Abraham Lincoln atagwira mfundo za demokalase umalimbana kupitiriza dongosolo ziwiri chipani dziko, kuteteza ufulu wa kulankhula ndi zina zomwe ena demokalase.

December 30, 1863, Pulezidenti walemba "Kumasuka analengeza," womwe unawonjezera ufulu akapolo onse. Dziko ndi kulowa nthawi chiwonongeko ubale kapolo ndi kumasulidwa kwa anthu akuda. chigamulochi wafunsira kuwonjezeka mu kuchuluka kwa odzipereka m'khamu la northerners wapangidwa akuda kumasulidwa. Mu 1865 nkhondo umatha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Confederacy, amene ogwirizana kum'mwera limati kapolo.

Otsutsa Pulezidenti Lincoln

M'zaka za Civil nkhondo ndi pulezidenti yapanga adani ambiri. Anthu ambiri a maiko akummwera, anagonjetsa nkhondo, silinachirikize chilakolako chake kumasula akapolo, kotero funso, chifukwa apha anthu Lincoln, kwathunthu kusagwirizana ndi zochita zake mu dongosolo la ndale ndi kusintha anali mosapita m'mbali kuti: ndendende chifukwa cha zochita pa kumasulidwa kwa akapolo wakuda America.

Nthawi imeneyi, anatenga zina mwa malamulo amene anabweretsa ubwino kwa dziko, ndipo kuti iye ndale:

• ankamanga deserters zonse ndi mbali ya ukapolo kudzera m'makhoti;
• ndi uchikumbe Act, limene atsamunda kulima malo ndi kumanga nyumba kuti akhale eni ake.

Mobwerezabwereza chisankho mu 1864 anabweretsa chigonjetso yachiwiri A. Lincoln (mdani wakeyo anali woimira Democratic Party, General George. McClellan). Kale January 31, 1865, ku Congress US pa Potsatira zimene a pulezidenti alandira 13 Kukonzedwa loletsa ukapolo ku United States.

Abraham Lincoln mu miyezi oyambirira akuti yake yachiwiri akuyamba vutolo ndi kuchira monga mbali ya boma feduro 11, State Dipatimenti, powalonjeza Amnesty.

M'mawu ake pa mwambo wotsegulira pulezidenti zikufuna kuti kukhalabe "mtendere mu nyumba yanga", koma akhazikitse awa anali kale osati fated. Chifukwa mu masiku angapo ndinali kutenga malo bwanji mu zisudzo, kumene mkazi wake anali kupita ndi Abraham Lincoln, kumene anapha achiwembuwo, kutsogozedwa ndi George. Booth, potero kudula moyo wa aliyense wa anthu otchuka a atsogoleri US.

Wambiri wakupha

Dzhon Uilks Koma - uyu ndi munthu amene anapha Abraham Lincoln. Kumvetsa zifukwa anachita upandu, tikambirana za moyo wake ndi maganizo andale. Ndipotu, kwa zaka zambiri kuti ankakhulupirira kuti mizu ya zoipa zonse zopezedwa ubwana ndi kukulitsa.

J .. Booth anabadwa pa May 10, 1838 m'banja la zisudzo ojambula zithunzi Yu. B. Buta ndi M. E. Holmes, omwe ankakhala pa famu yaing'ono Maryland. Mu banja, iye anali 9 mwana, ndipo dzina la iye anapatsidwa ulemu wa ndale ndi kwakukulu maganizo John. Wilkes la England. banja lake sanali a chilolezo achipembedzo, ndiponso makolo ake anali nkomwe. ukwati Official ndi chikalata pokhapokha kubadwa kwa mwana wawo 10 mu 1851

Anaphunzira mnyamata m'dera sukulu ndi kusafuna kwambiri, ndipo makolo mwamphamvu anaumirira maphunziro mwakhama. Ndili ndi zaka 12, bambo anakakamizika iye kulowa usilikali Academy ku Milton, kumene aphunzitsi amafuna ophunzira ku chilango ndi khama maphunziro awo. Panalinso chidwi msonkhano ndi podwala wam'bwebwe amene analosera moyo wake waufupi kwambiri ndi imfa yoipa. Mwina ankadziwa kuti akulosera munthu amene zidziwike ku America ndi amene anapha Lincoln.

Patapita chaka chimodzi, Booth anasamukira ku sukulu wina, ndiye zaka 14, atamwalira atate wake, nasiya maphunziro ake ndipo akufotokoza wofuna kuphunzira ntchito za kholo womwalirayo - kukhala wosewera ndi. Amayamba kuphunzira luso oratory akulimbikira kuphunzira ntchito za Shakespeare ndi playwrights ena. Patangotha zaka 3 Booth anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake pa nthawiyi "Richard III" mu Kuthandiza ntchito (Bwalo la Baltimore). Omvetsera pa chiyambi si kwambiri analandiridwa ndi wosewera latsopano, koma kulimbikira kwake ndi khama akupitiriza bwino.

Mu 1857, John akulowa msewu zisudzo pansi pa pseudonym YB Wilkes mu Philadelphia chimene chinamuthandiza kukhala nyenyezi. omvetsera linamulandira ndi changu monga wosewera wanzeru nampatsa dzina lakuti "The wokongola kwambiri American." Kusewera tsopano udindo waukulu, anayamba ulendo wake woyamba wa America.

Start J. Booth Civil nkhondo anakumana kumpoto ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba kufotokoza kusirira kwa zochita za maiko akummwera, kuwayitana iwo amunamuna. zaka nkhondo anakhala woyendayenda kuzungulira dziko, kupindulira ambiri mafani ndi admirers imodzi kuswa mitima. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali wothandizila chinsinsi cha Confederacy, kuthandiza kupulumutsa contraband mankhwala southerners. malingaliro ake pa ukapolo, mwina chifukwa chakuti kwawo - Maryland - a boma kapolo, makamaka anakonzeratu tsoka wake monga munthu amene akulakalaka mphamvu yosintha ndale za dziko namuuza kuti amene wapha Pulezidenti Lincoln.

Achiwembuwo ku Washington

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1863 bwenzi banja John Butov. Ford akutsegula kwaziwonetsero Washington ndi kuitanitsa Booth kusewera mu kuyamba kwa "Marmara mtima" munthu wa udindo kutsogolera. Ford a Theatre m'tsogolo ndipo adzakhala malo a tsokalo, analowa mbiri ngati "zisudzo pamene Lincoln anaphedwa."

Pa mfundo imeneyi, ndiye pali Abraham Lincoln, amene wosewera Booth ankakonda. Koma kuitana kwa Pulezidenti pitani bokosi awo pa yopuma Booth anakana, kusonyeza ankadana kwambiri banja lake. Booth ankachitira ndi kudana Lincoln, akumunena kuphetsa onse ankhondo. Mu 1863, iye anapita ku polisi chifukwa analira pa ntchito a temberero la zochitika mu malangizo a pulezidenti American. Mkati analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa Union, atamasulidwa, anathawa ndi zabwino a.

Mu 1864, pamaso chisankho cha Pulezident, podziwa kuti Confederacy anataya nkhondo, ndi Lincoln amasankhidwa kachiwiri, Booth akuyamba kuganizira za dongosolo kuba pulezidenti. amathandiza wake anali anzake S. Arnold ndi M. O'Loulend, ndipo tinkachita Baltimore mu nyumba ya M. Branson, kumbali ya southerners lapansi. Ndiye ziyembekezo zawo sanabwere kubala, koma atafika ku Washington Booth akuyamba kubala mapulani kwakukulu kwambiri.

Achiwembuwo kusankha za kuba kwa anthu onse akuluakulu a boma US, lotsogoledwa ndi pulezidenti. . Pa misonkhano imene inachitika ku nyumba ya mayi mmodzi wa mamembala a gulu J. Surrata nawo mosazengereza komanso azitengapo okonda mbali Southerners: .. D. Herold, J. Atserodt, L. Powell, etc. Ndinakopeka ndi Booth, ndipo iwo anakhala anthu amene anakonza, Iye wandithandiza, ndi amene anapha Pulezidenti Lincoln ina.

Pambuyo potsegulira Lincoln mu March 1865 J. Booth ali udasintha modabwitsa dongosolo la ntchito, pamene iwo anazindikira kuti chinthu yabwino kwambiri si kupha ndi kuba pulezidenti wa American.

Pamene April 11, kumene osankhidwa pulezidenti US anakamba kulankhula pafupi White House, amene anauza America za kubwezeretsa ufulu wa akapolo wakuda, George. Booth anali pakati oonera ndi mokwanira sitikugwirizana ndi mawu ake, anaganiza kuti mawu amenewa adzakhala omalizira mu moyo Lincoln.

tsiku wakupha - April 14, 1865

Mfundo Pulezidenti amapenyerera ndi oletsedwa sewero lanthabwala "msuweni wanga American" pa Ford a Theatre, Booth anaphunzira pasadakhale kuchokera kwa bwenzi - mwini bwalo lamasewera. Ford yekha monyadira anati wakupha tsogolo la ulemu umene linapereka bungwe ake: zopita ku mutu wa ntchito boma. Booth anatenga uthenga mwayi wokongola kukhazikitsa zolinga zawo sioneka, chifukwa bwino zochokera mu makonde onse ndi ngodya ya nyumba zisudzo. Ford a Theatre, mu maganizo ake, ndipo komwe Lincoln anaphedwa.

April 13, msonkhano wotsiriza wa anachitira chiwembu. Booth mtsogoleri wa achiwembu anapereka malangizo ake chifukwa kuphedwa zandale: anzake Harold D. ndi L. Powell anali kupha Mlembi US wa State William Seward, ndi J. Atserodt - chiwonongeko cha wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko E. Jackson .. ntchito yake Yohane. Booth azikamugwirira kupanga nokha. kupha onse atatu zidzachitike pa 22,00.

Ndiyeno April 14 - tsiku pamene Lincoln anaphedwa. Pamene George. Booth anabwera kuonetsa iye bwino zochokera ku zili. kupha pamene anali osankhidwa kuti alowe mu bokosi ndi kuwombera pa nthawi ya kuphulika choseketsa mu holo akutiakuti chidole kusangalala pa siteji. Ngakhale chirichonse chinali pang'ono cholakwika.

J .. Booth anali atavala suti yakuda, atavala zipewa zakhonde pa mutu wake. Akagone, anatseka chitseko, kotero kuti palibe amene kupewedwa. Pakupita pulezidenti, Booth anamuwombera ndi "derringer". Kulira kwa mfuti anabwereza kudutsa mu chipinda, chifukwa Yehova wakupha chisangalalo sanali ndikuganiza nthawi, ndi kuwombera mokweza Belo mu bata - .. omvera onse yomweyo anatembenukira mitu yawo pa phokoso lowopsya.

The mayendedwe choyamba pansi pa kama wa mkulu oyenda, G. Retborn amene ankafuna kuletsa wakupha, koma Booth ndi mpeni namkwapula ndi kulumpha mu holo ndi kutalika kwa 3.5 m. Anagwira mbendera kwa paphiri la jombo, zikuoneka anagwa zoipa ndipo anathyola mwendo wake. Kuyenda, iye anayenda kutsogolo akawafunse ndipo anakuwa Virginia Mwambi "Chotero nthawizonse kukhala ndi ankhanza!". Kuzungulira anthu sinali, kotero wakupha anakwanitsa kuthawa pakhomo kumbuyo kwa bwalo lamasewera. Choncho Ford a Theatre, ndipo wakhala malo anapha Lincoln.

Pa nthawi yomweyo L. Powell Mlembi wa State ulendo wake m'nyumba, koma wakupha sizinachitike. Kumukwapula zikoti zingapo ndi mpeni, ndikanakhoza kokha kumukhumudwitsa ndi mnzake, azungu anathawa. Wachitatu "zakupha" J. Atserodt mumayenda mlandu waukulu, nakhala usiku pa nyumba ya alendo, kudandaula za tsoka lake. Apo iye anamva kuti Lincoln anaphedwa Ford a Theatre.

Pa malangizo a amathandiza Booth ankafuna kukumana pafupi kumudzi, koma panali awiri - Booth ndi Harold. Chifukwa kuvulala mwendo podwala anali mwachangu kufunafuna dokotala, amene ankadziwika pa mobisa pa nkhondo. dokotala anaika basi wake ndi ndodo anapatsidwa.

kufufuza wakupha ndi

Pakuti okonza amasanthula zikwi asilikali ankamenya, koma pa nthawi ino holed mu nyumba ku Maryland. Pa njira zina kum'mwera J .. Booth mwadzidzidzi anamva kuti anthu onse adamtsutsa Iye kupha munthu unarmed. Posadziwa zili patsogolo pawo amene anapha Lincoln, anthu kucheza mlandu wa mantha wakupha, T. Kwa. Iye kuombera kumbuyo Lincoln. Atamva zimenezi, wopalamulayo anaganiza kuti ndikuuzeni nkhani yake, ndi Baibulo la zochitika mu zolemba zake, analemba panjira. Kupita kum'mwera, achiwembuwo anasambira kuwoloka mtsinje kupita ku Virginia ndipo anayesa kupempha thandizo kwa Confederates ndi bwino, koma onse anakana.

Panthawi imeneyi, achiwembu ena onse anagwidwa ndi kumangidwa. Booth ndi Harold anafika Garrett famu Baulin Green, munthu uyu wapereka thandizo pambuyo pa nkhondo amathawathawa Southerners. Wakupha anabisa uko mu khola. Komabe, pa njira zawo kale anaukira ndi apolisi.

Madzulo a April 26 pa apolisi Virginia ndi asilikali atazunguliridwa ndi potentha khola, ndipo Booth anatuluka ndi mfuti, mu mphindi, Sergeant B. Corbett anawomberedwa ndi n'kufa iye pakhosi, pambuyo maola 2 watilakwira wamwalira.

achiwembuwo ena onse anafika m'khoti asilikali alamulidwa zinayi kupachikidwa, ndi zina - m'ndende kwa moyo.

Maliro a Pulezidenti

Maliro a Abraham Lincoln anasonyeza kuti ankakondedwa komanso kulemekezedwa ndi anthu onse. Phunzitsani thupi lake wapita ku New York ku Springfield, kuswa 2730 Km. Pakuti njira zonse masabata 2.5 yaitali kupereka msonkho womaliza anthu mamiliyoni America anabwera pulezidenti, woyera ndi wakuda. Lincoln anaikidwa m'manda mu manda a Oak Ridge. Mungathe kufunsa aliyense American: "Mu chaka chimene anaphedwa Lincoln?". Ndipo adzachitapo kanthu msangamsanga ndi wopanda cholakwa, "Mu 1865," itatha imfa ya pulezidenti analenga padziko ofera amene anafa pomenyera kupasula dongosolo kapolo wa USA. Polemekeza Abraham Lincoln fano mu Washington ndi ndalama olembetsa linamangidwa mu 1876, wina - ku Chicago.

Dzhon Uilks Koma, nthawizonse otsala mu mbiri US ndi amene anapha Lincoln, ndi kuwauza chitsanzo cha zimene munthu yekha akhoza asinthe mbiri ya boma. Ngati, ndiye mbiri American mwina sizinayende ndithu, sanayese n'komwe kupha April 14, 1865.