Kukuletsani - thunthu. Anthu thunthu wa malekezero a m'munsi, chithunzi

Mu thupi nkhani mafupa 206, ambiri zomwe si upambana kukula kwa masentimita angapo kiyubiki. Chopweteka kwambiri ndi chachikulu mafupa mu thupi - ntchafu. akuphatikizapo amatilola kuyenda molunjika ndi kugwa. Patapita bondo femur zikugwirizana kwa tibia ndi fibula kupanga ufulu m'munsi nthambi.

ufulu m'munsi nthambi thunthu

Anthu thunthu la nthambi m'munsi zikuphatikizapo mafupa, minofu, Mitsemphayi, mfundo ndi fascia. Ndiko kuti, ngati tagwirizana kwambiri ndi bwinobwino. Koma nkhani imeneyi chabe ulendowu tating'ono dongosolo mwendo. Motero, anthu m'munsi nthambi lagawidwa ntchafu, mwendo m'munsi ndi miyendo.

Maziko a femur ndi ntchafu fupa. Iwo ali mu zigawo minofu, chifukwa chimene munthu akhoza kuyenda, imani, kuthamanga, kusambira ndi zina zambiri. Ntchito pa mfundo za chokhethemulira, iwo ntchito pa ntchafu kapena bondo. myofibrils thunthu zimawathandiza kuti mukulitse ndi mgwirizano, kusintha zosowa za chamoyo.

Phata la mwendo m'munsi - ndi tibia ndi fibula. Pakati pa iwo olumikiza olowa ndi connective minofu Kakhungu imene ziwiya pochitika. yomanga imeneyi yokutidwa ndi zigawo zingapo pamwamba pa minofu kuti akupita wapansi.

Kumwendo ndi miyendo - ndi mbali za thupi zimene mukukumana katundu zonse. A gawo kochepa ka yekha yokha nayo thupi lonse (ndipo nthawi zina n'kutheka kuti makilogalamu mazana atatu). Phazi imakhala ya calcaneus, tarsal ndi metatarsal, amene ataphimbidwa ndi fascia ndi akatumba. Monga malowa molemera aziwapatsa magazi, kotero kuti minofu nthawi zonse kotunga mpweya.

Kapangidwe yaikulu ya bondo olowa

Kodi nchiyani chimene ndi thunthu la bondo olowa anthu? Pakuti ophunzira a yunivesite zachipatala mu chaka choyamba ndi limodzi mwa mafunso ovuta kwambiri, chifukwa muli ndi kukumbukira nyumba onse amene amapanga olowa:
- mafupa (monga m'munsi a);
- minofu (kudula, iwo kusintha malo a mwendo m'munsi);
- mitsempha ndi mitsempha (kuyamwitsa zimakhala ndi kachilombo mfundo ubongo periphery ya);
- meniscus (inapanga mgwirizano padziko);
- mitsempha (kugwira mafupa pamodzi);

Onse zigawo zikuluzikulu pamwamba wa munthu wathanzi ntchito mogwirizana monga limagwirira limodzi. Koma zoyenera "kuvuta" chigawo chimodzi, ndi gait yosalala sanabwere kunja.

mafupa

mafupa Large bondo olowa - ndi femoral ndi tibial. Koma kupatula iwo palinso kakang'ono anamaliza fupa, ili ndi enawo. Njirayi imatchedwa patella, kapena kneecap. Pa kutsinde femoral anakonza ozungulira okwera - condyles ndi TACHIMATA ndi chichereŵechereŵe kwa glide bwino. Ali pamwamba pa bondo olowa. The mmunsi aumbike mwa lathyathyathya mutu wa tibia, monga yokutidwa minofu cartilaginous.

Fibula si utali wokwanira kupanga bondo olowa. Matenda a mutu amalola kuti agwirizane ndi tibia kuti mwendo m'munsi akhoza zimayenda pang'ono, musataye wovulala. Makulidwe a chichereŵechereŵe kuphimba nkhope articular ukufika millimeters asanu. M'pofunika kuchepetsa mphamvu mikangano, komanso depreciation.

cruciate mitsempha

Monga tanena, kuwonjezera pa mafupa ndi minofu pali mitsempha. Matenda a awo kwambiri ndimasewera, monga n'kupanga izi nsalu kugwira mbali zonse limagwirira mzake. Kulimbikitsa kapisozi limodzi m'mbali mwa mafupa ndi medial ndi lateral ina (envulopu) mitsempha. Pakati chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi pamalo olowa anakonza cruciate Mitsemphayi. Topographically amatha kusiyanitsa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo mitolo muzingochita flexion zimabwezera kutambasuka kwa bondo.

Mitolo ndi mbali zofunika za olowa. Iwo ziziyenda izo zimapangitsa kuyenda olimba ndi kulola kupewa sprains.

Menisci ndi ntchito zawo

Ngati mungaone chithunzi cha bondo, kuwonjezera mapangidwe fupa adzaona tiwiri. Izi wandiweyani connective minofu formations - menisci. Iwo lili pakati pa femur ndi tibia.

Ntchito ziwiri zikuluzikulu za menisci ndi:
- kuwonjezeka mu dera padziko olowa kwa kugawa bwino thupi;
- chikusintha mtendere wa bondo olowa pamodzi ndi Mitsemphayi lapansi.

Pofuna kupereka kodi Kodi meniscus, m'pofunika kulingalira mpira pa yosalala, lathyathyathya pamwamba. Ngati pakati pa mpira ndi "yachonde" kanthu zidzachitika, ndiye utachotsedwa. Nature amadana ndi zingalowe, motero mkati mwa olowa ayenera kukhala wopanda kanthu. Connective minofu chimadzaza mpata pakati pamalo olowa wowonjezera malo awo ndi kuteteza ndi akatundu kwambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa menisci ndi ana amakumana ndi kutukusira kwa chiwonongeko olowa ndi chichereŵechereŵe

minofu

Padziko kutsogolo a m'chiuno pansi pa bondo olowa extensor minofu. Limodzi la chimaliziro chawo chili kwa femur kapena mafupa a chiuno, ndi zina zipita tendons ndi imachitika mu kapisozi olowa. Home mu gulu ili la minofu - quadriceps. Pamene wabizinesiyo, phazi flexes mu olowa.

Ndi hamstring minofu flexor tiri. Iwo anayamba pa lamba wa nthambi m'munsi, ndipo itha kapisozi olowa mu mawonekedwe a tendons ndi. Pamene pali kuchepetsa wa gulu limeneli, mwendo akufunitsitsa.

Mitsempha ndi mitsempha

Mitsempha ulusi, mitsempha ndi mitsempha monga zopezera kuluka bondo olowa. Matenda a zotengera mderali sakutero ukasintha osiyana ndi ena onse thupi. Mtsempha wamagazi, mtsempha, kenako mipita awiri mwa kumbuyo padziko olowa ndi, krovosnabzhaya atavalanso zoteteza ndi miyendo.

Kenako ndi mitsempha popliteal, zomwe ndi kupitiriza kwa mitsempha sciatic. A pamwamba pang'ono pa bondo kuti lagawidwa pawiri ndipo mwa njira imeneyi pansi pa mwendo m'munsi ndi miyendo. Uyamiko kwa Iye, mfulu m'munsi nthambi akutembenukira kwenikweni ndi galimoto innervation.

mayesero zinchito bondo olowa

Pamene pali choipa bondo, traumatologist muyenera kupeza mothandizidwa ndi njira thupi ndi hardware kuti chawonongeka ndi mmene akuluakulu. Si kokwanira kuyang'ana bondo olowa.

1. Kuyesedwa Lachman ndi kabati chizindikiro. Ikuchitika sanali n'zotheka kudziwa kuwonongeka kwa zapambuyo cruciate mitsempha, pamene chifaniziro cha bondo olowa. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mtima aikidwa pa nsana wake ndi wovulala mwendo wopindidwa pa bondo madigiri makumi atatu. Kenako dokotalayu atakhazikitsa m'chiuno ndipo nthawi yomweyo amalimbikitsa atavalanso zoteteza patsogolo. Ngati gulu n'kotheka, ndiye gulu kuonongeka.

2. The sanali kukhudzana mayeso. Ngati pazifukwa zina dokotala sangathe kukhudza mtima (Mwachitsanzo, pali chopinga mu mawonekedwe a damu kapena madzi pakati), ndi kuchita kafukufuku wa kufunika, njira imeneyi zimathandiza kudziwa pamaso pa choipa kwambiri. Kuti tichite zimenezi, wodwala atagona pa nsana wake, ndi manja onse akugwira mwendo wovulala kumbuyo ntchafu pafupi bondo olowa. Ndiye wovulalayo akuyesera kuukitsa mwendo m'munsi, popanda kuwongola bondo. Ngati amalephera ndipo tibia si ankatembenukira, ndi mitsempha kuwonongeka kumeneko.

3. kumbuyo sagging mayeso. Pofuna kudziwa kuwonongeka kwa zapambuyo cruciate mitsempha, simungakhoze kuchita X-ray bondo olowa. Izi njira kafukufuku ndi yosavuta, vuto lililonse ndi m'zinenero. Wodwala ayenera anafunsa kugona nsana wanu ndi mawondo anu pa makona a madigiri nainte. Ngati tibia kudzalimbikitsa chammbuyo, mitsempha lawonongeka.

Zida olowa kafukufuku

The njira ambiri ndi X-ray Kupenda mafupa. Ngati wodwala anadandaula za ululu olowa atagwa, malungo, kutupa ndi kufinya, izo m'pofunika kufufuza ngati pali wovulala. X-ray bondo olowa limakupatsani kuona fupa minofu zofewa ndi tendon. Kuyang'ana chithunzi zoopsa dokotala akhoza oterewa: wovulala, dislocation, kwamakokedwe choipa patella, arthrosis, nyamakazi, chotupa kapena chotupa, kufooka kwa mafupa kapena osteomyelitis. Izi ndi matenda ambiri okhudza bondo olowa. Photos, ndithudi, angakhale osiyana quality, kuuma ndi kukula, koma kwa katswiri n'kosavuta.

Pofuna kupewa nyamakazi, osachiritsika olowa zoopsa ndi kudwala, ultrasound angathe kuchitidwa. Mbali ina zabwino ndi kuti wodwalayo safuna kuti Pre-maphunziro (njala, kumamwa kowirikiza madzi, etc.) musanayambe kufufuza bondo olowa. thunthu lake limachititsa kuyang'ana mkati kapisozi limodzi menisci onani pamwamba, yokutidwa ndi chichereŵechereŵe, fupa mapangidwe.

Ultrasound amalola bondo kuwona kuchokera kumbali zonse. Pakuti bwinobwino n'kofunika kuika mtima molondola:
- kumbuyo ndi miyendo molunjika (mosavuta looneka kutsogolo ndi makoma mbali ya olowa);
- miyendo wopindidwa pa bondo olowa (meniscus visualized);
- mu malo sachedwa (kumbuyo khoma la anayendera olowa).

njirayi angathe kuchitidwa pafupifupi maikidwe zaumoyo.