Maphunziro a mphamvu Mongolian: zimayambitsa, ndithudi ndi zotsatira za

Maphunziro a mbiri yakale Mongolian mphamvu amatchula 1206. akupeza ake anali chachikulu China, onse a ku Central Asia, Caucasus, Russia, ndi Middle East, Hungary. azingokhala Final mukhoza kutengedwa ngati 1480, pamene mafuko anataya kukanganako mzimu adamwazika, ndi kokha anayamba chinkhoswe ng'ombe kuswana mu steppes mbadwa.

umunthu Temujin

Maphunziro a Mongolian mphamvu zonse unkayenera Temujin (Temujin), ngati iye ankatchedwa unyamata wake. atate wake, umene Esigey Bordzhigin, kubedwa okha mkazi wokongola mu fuko Markit pamene iye anali pa banja. mwana wake anabadwa Temujin mu zaka za m'ma XII mu chigawo, omwe ankayendayenda m'mphepete mwa mtsinje Aumont. Pamene ambiri Esigeya poizoni Chitata, kuti Temujin ndi banja lake anathamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo. Chitata Temujin anadzakhala adani munthu. Temujin anatenga taychiuty ndende kukula mnyamata sanathe kubwezera bambo ake ndiponso kuoneka m'dziko lawo. Temujin anakwanitsa kuthawa ndipo anapeza mlongo wa bambo ake, omwe anampatsa pogona, ndi atate wake amafunila mkwatibwi Borte ndipo anayamba kulimbikitsa magulu awo, zoononga chigawo wapafupi. Iye sanali kupha akaidi ndipo anawatenga kupita nawo utumiki wake.

Rise of Temujin

Chuma yaikulu ya wongosamukasamuka anali ng'ombe ndi msipu. Pofuna kuti ng'ombe zambiri, iwo katswiri kwambiri msipu watsopano - akale watopa. Dera mwambo wa wongosamukasamuka inayamba kuchepa kwa ng'ombe ndi nkhosa. Kunkawala mikangano mafuko. anali "woyendayendawu feudalism" m'malo dongosolo la fuko. Izi kwambiri kwa amphamvu ndi luso mtsogoleri wa asilikali Temujin. Komanso, Chinese kuti tizisungitsa mtendere kunyumba, kufesa udani pakati pa mafuko woyendayendawu. Temujin anali ambiri ndewu pamaso atalanda mafuko Chitata taychiutov, Markit, Oirats. Ndi 1206 pansi mphamvu zake zonse zinali Mongolia. Pa kurtulae (Congress wa khans Mongolian) Temujin analandira udindo "Kagan" ndipo anatenga dzina la Genghis kutanthauza "nyanja" kapena, mu Baibulo lina, "osankhidwa a kumwamba." Zifukwa mapangidwe mphamvu Mongolian:

• Kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la fuko.
• Chosowa odyetserapo dongosolo lalikulu mafuko.
• Sioneka malamulo a atakhala mafuko wina ndi Jurchen ena (kumpoto kum'mawa Chinese), amene atumiki anali asilikaliwa.

Malamulo atsopano a Great Khan

Oyendayenda komanso Genghis Khan kusendeza ochokera ku mafuko osiyanasiyana ndi mabanja anali mosamalitsa bungwe asilikali. Mwambo ndi thandizo mwagwirizana mu izo zinali zachitsulo. Ngati nkhondo adathamanga wina, ndiye iye anaphedwa khumi, amene ankatumikira. Zambirimbiri ndi mazana mazana - zikwi zikwi - (. Anthu 10 zikwi) tumens. Pakuti kutengerapo wosaloleka kwa wina kwa dazeni ena anaphedwa. Only luso lenileni ndi kudzipereka Khan tsopano amathandiza patsogolo ntchito zawo. chachikulu nkhondo yake yoyamba iye anali, kamodzi Merkit otsutsa analanda mkazi wake.

Nkhondo ndi ufumu wa Qin

Atapita ku kukonzekera nkhondo ndi China, maphunziro anapitiriza ya boma Mongolian. Zoyambitsa, Inde, zotsatira mwina kuzithetsa. Mongolia anali yokhala fuko m'manja mwa Jurchen, amene anali kukhala m'dera Primorsky, Korea South, ndi North-East ndi pakati China. Mu 1209 ku Mongolia ntchito zida anazinga ndi kulanda mzindawo Urahay, anazungulira ku likulu la Ufumu wa XI Xia. Wolamulira anapempha mtendere ndi anakwatira kuchokera mwana wake wamkazi kuti Genghis Khan. Kotero kuti akaphunzire asilikali, bwereza Mongolia. Ndi mnansi yoopsa mwaufulu limodzi ndi Uighurs, amene anali kukhala m'dera la Xinjiang. Mu 1210, chitsanzo Pambuyo awiri zambiri Khan. Kuchuluka dziko ndi asilikali Mongol. Khan wokonzeka kugonjetsa dziko la Qin kuthetsedwa. Mu 1213, asilikali a ku Mongolia atalanda ufumu. A gulu lalikulu la asilikali linali ndi mbali 3 ndipo anagonjetsa kum'mawa, kumwera ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Beijing anagula kutali. Koma patapita chaka mu 1214 Genghis Khan anabwerera, anatenga Beijing n'kuwawotcha. City anatentha mwezi wonse. Ndinganene kuti anawonongedwa 90 Mizinda Chinese. Mu China, ndi Mongol Ufumu linakhazikitsidwa ndi mdzukulu wa Genghis Khan (n'chokwana mafumu). Izo zinakhala kwa zaka zana. Choncho anapita mapangidwe a Mongol ufumu. Zoyambitsa, Inde, zotsatira - mu kuunikidwaku.

Kugonjetsedwa a ku Central Asia ndi Transcaucasia

Mu 1218 asilikali Mongol anagonjetsa Mitsinje Zisanu ndi East Turkestan - dziko la Naiman, ndi pamaso anatsegula njira kuti Khorezm, Bukhara, Samarkand ndi Urgench. mzinda anatengedwa ndi kuwonongedwa. Mongolia ankati mfundo ya "anapsa lapansi". Mkuluyo mwana wa Genghis Khan anayamba kulalatira, chifukwa anali ulus wake, ndipo iye ankafuna kuti azikhalabe okha olemera, kenaka patatha mwezi umodzi anaphedwa ndi muvi poizoni. Mu 1220 iwo unagonjetsedwa kumpoto Iran, ndi Caucasus ndi Crimea.

Kukwera kwa Russia

Mu 1223 akalonga Russian anabwera Mongol akazembe. Iwo anaphedwa. Asilikaliwa sanali kukhululukira zimenezi kwa kazembeyo, ndipo atagonjetsedwa wa magulu a akalonga Russian ku nkhondo pa mtsinje Kalka Yezu phwandu. Iwo anaika pa bolodi akaidi adakalipo ndipo anakhala pa iwo, popeza anakonza madyerero kulira kwa anthu kufa momvetsa. Kodi chidwi n'chakuti Mongolia anali 20 okha zikwi, pamene chiwerengero cha asilikali Russian ndi Polovtsian malinga ndi ziwerengero osiyanasiyana kuyambira 40 mpaka 100 zikwi. Panthawiyi, asilikali a Genghis Khan anafika Indus. Umatero mapangidwe a Mongol ufumu. Mwachidule, mungathe kuwonjezera kuti 1241, pamene Russia unagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha, ku Mongolia anafika Danube kwa Hungary ndi Poland. Mwamwayi, iwo anabwerera kum'mawa ndi zaka 240 mizu Russia.

nkhondo zapachiweniweni kugwa ufumuwo

Education Genghis Khan Mongolian mphamvu zinachitika pa nkhondo mwankhanza koposa kuligonjetsa. Mercy sanali aliyense. Mu Russia anali mantha pambuyo kufika kwa asilikali a Batu. khans Mongol pang'onopang'ono wabweza likulu akhala zochepa amphamvu. Kunadetsa pakati pa mikangano. Nthawiyi, Russia kulimbitsa, ndi pa goli ataima pa za Ugra mtsinje.

zotsatira

The autocracy Russian analimbitsa, kulimbitsa Mpingo Orthodox. Iwo anasiya Kazan Khanate, amene anagonjetsa Ivan Grozny, kumasuka 60 chikwi. Akapolo Russian. Mu Kazan Chitata anakhala mwamtendere, kukhala Asilamu Amitundu. Iye anakhalabe mpukutu wa Mongol Ufumu Crimea. Wopambana wake adzakhala 'Wammwambamwamba Prince Potemkin anagonjetsa. Anapitiriza kukhalapo mu mzinda wa Kasimov, m'chigawo Ryazan, yomwe yakhala wathetsedwapo Chitata. M'zaka za m'ma XV, pamene Zolotaya Orda odukaduka, ndiye anaonekera kwa Siberia Khanate ku malire m'munsi mwa ob Mtsinje. asilikali Only Ermak ndi chitukuko wotsatira wa Siberia m'zaka XVI asiya Russia kumanga pa malire ake, linga latsopano.