Ana a Genghis Khan. Batu Khan - mwana wa Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan anali tate ndi Great Khan wa Mongol Ufumu. Iye ogwirizana mafuko anamwazikana, bungwe nkhondo ku Central Asia, kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi Caucasus ndi China. dzina lenileni wolamulirayo - Temujin. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, ndi olowa yakukhala ana a Genghis Khan. Iwo kwambiri anawonjezera gawo la distilikiti. Amathandiza kwambiri kwa unit Kupititsa anapanga mdzukulu wa Mfumu - Batu - mwini wake wa Golden gulu.

wolamulira umunthu

zinthu zonse, sipangakhalenso yodziwika ndi Genghis Khan, zinalengedwa pambuyo pa imfa yake. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakati pawo ndi "Chinsinsi History". Mu zinthu zimenezi kufotokoza pano ndi maonekedwe wolamulirayo. Iye anali wamtali, ndi malamulo amphamvu, ndi mphumi yotakata ndi ndevu yaitali. Komanso, komanso anafotokoza khalidwe lake. Khan anachokera pakati pa anthu, iye mwina analibe chinenero ndi boma olembedwa mabungwe. Choncho, Mongol wolamulira analibe maphunziro aliwonse. Komabe, izi sizinamulepheretse kukhala ndi luso mkulu. luso lake lolinganiza amaphatikizidwa ndi poise ndi chifuniro indomitable. Genghis Khan anali waubwenzi ndi waumataya kufika kuti kunali koyenera kupulumutsa chikondi cha anzake. Iye ankachita zosangalatsa, koma nthawi yomweyo sanamuzindikire lotayirira kuti sanathe pamodzi ndi ntchito yake monga mtsogoleri wa asilikali ndi wolamulira. Pamene njira, Khan anakhala ukalamba, kusunga luso maganizo chathunthu.

olowa

Pa zaka zomalizira za moyo wa mkulu ndi nkhawa kwambiri za tsogolo la ufumu wake. ena mwa ana a Genghis Khan Only anali ndi ufulu kutenga malo ake. Mu wolamulirayo anali ndi ana ambirimbiri, iwo ankaona kuti wosavuta. Koma anayi okha ana kwa mkazi wake Borte akhale olowa. ana awa ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mzake ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi zofunazo. Mwana wamkulu wa Genghis Khan anabadwa posachedwapa atabwerera ku Borte Merkit ukapolo. mthunzi wake wakhala ankazunza mnyamata. malirime zoipa ndipo ngakhale mwana wachiwiri wa Genghis Khan, dzina Patapita adzapita pansi mu mbiri ya a Mongol ufumu, poyera anamutcha iye "Merkit Geek". Amayi nthawi zonse kuteteza mwana. Pankhaniyi, Genghis Khan yekha nthawi anazindikira kuti akhale mwana wake. Komabe, mnyamata zonse mlandu kubereka ana apathengo. Kamodzi Jagatai (mwana Chingizkhana chachiwiri m'malo) ndi lotseguka mu kukhalapo kwa m'bale adadziyitaniranso bambo. Nkhondo pafupifupi kunkakhala pankhondo yaikulu.

Jochi

Mwana wa Genghis Khan, anabadwa pambuyo Merkit ukapolo, ali ndi peculiarities. Iwo, makamaka, akuwonetseredwa mu khalidwe lake. Pantchito nkhalango amene anaona mu izo, ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi bambo ake. Mwachitsanzo, Genghis Khan sanamuzindikire chinthu monga chifundo adani. Iye sakanakhoza kusiya moyo ana okha achinyamata amene anali pambuyo utenga Oelun (mayi ake), komanso Bagaturov amphamvu amene anatenga Mongolian nzika. Jochi M'malo mwake, yodziwika ndi mtima ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, pa kuzinga Gurganj Khorezmians kuti mwamtheradi anaphwa ndi nkhondo, tinapemphedwa kutenga kudzipereka kwawo, kuti akanawateteza adzasiyidwa wamoyo. Jochi analankhulapo thandizo la iwo, koma Khan ali m'gulu anakana akafunsiridwa amenewa. Chifukwa cha zovuta kaboma mzinda wa pang'ono kudula, ndipo iye anali anasefukira madzi a Amu Darya.

imfa

Mwanzeru anakhazikitsa pakati pa bambo ndi mwana, nthawi zonse chifukwa cholephera mabodza ndipo zokhota achibale. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mkangano adakumba ndipo zinachititsa kuti zikamera chikhulupiriro zisathe mu wolamulirayo mlowam'malo wake woyamba. Khan anayamba kuganiza kuti Jochi akufuna kukhala otchuka ndi mafuko anagonjetsa kuti kenako kupatukana Mongolia. Azambiriyakale ndikukayika ngati kuti alidi wolandira amene anafuna. Komabe, pa chiyambi cha 1227 ndi wosweka msana Jochi anapezeka akufa mu chipululu, kumene ankasakidwa. Kumene, atate ake sanali munthu yekhayo amene angapindule ndi imfa kulowa ndi amene anali ndi mwayi kuti awononge moyo wake.

Mwana wachiwiri wa Genghis Khan

Dzina la wolowa ankadziwidwira mu mabwalo pafupi ndi mpando wachifumu Mongol. Mosiyana ndi m'bale akufa, iye anali yodziwika ndi rigor, wamkulu ngakhalenso nkhanza zina. zizindikiro zimenezi ndipo anathandiza chakuti Chagatai anaikidwa "mtetezi wa Yasa." Zimenezi ndi lofanana ndi mtengo wa Justice Chief kapena Loya. Chagatai nthawi mosamalitsa ankatsatira malamulo, iye chifundo ndi ophwanya.

Olandira lachitatu

Ochepa mukudziwa momwe dzina mwana wa Genghis Khan, amene anali akunyoza pafupi ndi mpando wachifumu. Iwo anali Ogedei. Woyamba ndi wachitatu mwa ana Genghis Khan anali ndi zilembo. Ogedei komanso yodziwika ndi kulolerana ndi kukoma mtima kwa anthu. Komabe, mbali yake inali kumulakalaka kusaka m'chipululu ndi kumwa ndi anzanu. Tsiku lina, anasiya pokhala ulendo limodzi Chagatai ndi Ogedei anaona Muslim amene ankasamba mu madzi. Malingana ndi mwambo wa chipembedzo, aliyense wokhulupirika ayenera kangapo pa tsiku kupemphera ndi miyambo kusamba. Koma zimenezi zinali zoletsedwa ndi Mongol mwambo. Mwambo sikuloledwa kumene ankasamba mwamwambo zonse mu chirimwe. Asilikali a ku Mongolia kuti kusamba mu nyanja kapena mtsinje ndi yamabingu, lomwe ndi choopsa kwambiri kwa apaulendo mu chipululu. Choncho, zimenezi zinali kuoneka ngati kuopseza moyo kwa iwo. Nkhondo (nuhury) ankhanza komanso omvera malamulo a Muslim Chagatai anamugwira. Ogedei, kutanthauza kuti watilakwira adzautaya mutu, anatuma munthu kwa iye. Mtumiki anali kunena ndi Muslim kuti ankati waponya golide mu madzi ndi kuyang'ana kumeneko (kukhala moyo). Watilakwira ndi Chagatai anati. Pambuyo lamulo nuhuram kupeza ndalama m'madzi. Druzhinnik Ugadei anaponya golide m'madzi. ndalamayo anapezeka ndi anabwerera Muslim monga "yovomerezeka" kwa mwini wake. Ogedei akutsanzikana ndi kupulumutsa, anatulutsa ochepa golide kuchokera mthumba lake ndi kuwapatsa kwa munthu. Komabe, iye anachenjeza Asilamu kuti pamene nthawi yotsatira kusiya ndalama m'madzi, sanali kuyang'ana pa izo, siziboola ndi malamulo.

m'malo wachinayi

Mwana wamng'ono wa Genghis Khan, umboni ndi magwero Chinese, anabadwa mu 1193. Pa nthawi imeneyi, bambo ake anamangidwa Jurchen. Iye anakhala kumeneko mpaka 1197. Panthawi imeneyi, ukathyali Borte unaoneka. Komabe, Genghis Khan anazindikira mwana wake Tolui. Pankhaniyi, mwana ayenera kuti Mongolian ndithu maonekedwe. Ana onse a Genghis Khan ali makhalidwe yake. Koma Tolui chikhalidwe anali kupereka matalente apamwamba. Iye anali wolemekezeka ndi ukoma amakhalidwe abwino, adzalandira mphamvu zapadera za kulinganiza ndi mtsogoleri. Tolui kudziwika monga mwamuna wachikondi ndi munthu wolemekezeka. Iye anakwatira mwana wa womwalirayo Wang Khan (mutu Kerait). Iye, nayenso anali Mkhristu. Tolui kuvomereza chipembedzo cha mkazi wake. Monga Genghis Khan, ayenera kukhulupirira chikhulupiriro cha makolo awo - Bon. mkazi wake Tolui osati analola kutumiza miyambo yonse yoyenera Mkhristu mu "mpingo" yurt, komanso kutenga Chimonko ndi ansembe kunyamula. Imfa ya m'malo wachinayi wa Genghis Khan popanda kukokomeza adzatchedwa amunamuna. Kupulumutsa Ugadei odwala, Tolui mwaufulu anatenga amphamvu kum'soŵetsa mtendere Ula. Choncho, kuchotsa matenda m'bale wake, iye adafunafuna kudzatunga kwake.

Board olowa

Ana onse a Genghis Khan anali woyenera kulamulira ufumu. Pambuyo kuchotsa mkulu kumanzere akulowetsani mmalo atatu. Pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake mpaka chisankho cha watsopano Khan ulus anakwanitsa Tolui. Mu 1229 msonkhano Kurultai. Pali anasankhidwa malingana ndi chifuniro cha mfumuyo, mfumu yatsopano. Iwo anakhala omvetsetsa ndi zofewa Ogedei. wolowa nyumba iyi monga zinanenedwa pamwamba, kukoma mtima osiyana. Komabe, khalidwe limeneli si nthawi zonse kuti athandize kazembe. Pa utsogoleri wake wa Khanate ulus wofooka kwambiri. Administration zinachitikadi makamaka likuvutika rigor Chagatai ndi luso zamtendere kudzera Tula. The Ogedei chomwecho m'malo amchigulu, ankakonda kuyendayenda Western Mongolia, kusaka ayi.

adzukulu

Iwo ali m'madera osiyanasiyana udindo ulus kapena zofunika. Mwana wamkulu wa Jochi - gulu-Yicheng, anapita ku White gulu. Dera limeneli lili pakati pa lokwera ndi Irtysh Tarbagatay (Semipalatinsk lero). Wotsatira unali Batu. mwana Genghis Khan anasiya iye mbiri ya Golden gulu. Sheibani (wachitatu m'malo) anadalira Sinyaya Orda. olamulira Ulus anali allocated monga asirikali 1-2 zikwi. Pa nthawi yomweyo chiwerengero cha a nkhondo Mongolian ndiye anafika 130 zikwi. Anthu.

Batu

Malinga ndi magwero Russian, amadziwika monga Batu Khan. Mwana wa Genghis Khan yemwe anamwalira mu 1227, zaka zitatu asanafike ku malo a Kipchak steppe, gawo la Caucasus, Russia ndi Crimea, komanso Khorezm. Olandira wolamulira anamwalira, ndi mbali chabe ya Khorezm ndi steppes Asian. Mu 1236-1243-ntchentche. Iwo anatsogolera kampeni poto-Mongol motsutsa West. Iwo ankapita ndi Batu. Mwana wa Genghis Khan anapereka wolowa wake ena makhalidwe. magwero anatchula dzina Sain Khan. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, amatanthauza "chabwino-chikhalidwe". Mfumuyi dzina ili Batu. Mwana wa Genghis Khan anafa, monga zanenedwa, ndi mbali yaing'ono chabe ya cholowa chake. . Chifukwa cha kampeni ndi ochitidwa 1236-1243-ntchentche, anasamukira ku Mongolia: mbali ya kumadzulo ya steppe Polovtsian, ndi North Caucasus ndi Volga anthu, ndi Volga Bulgaria. Kangapo motsogozedwa ndi asilikali Batu anaukira Russia. Yokopa awo a asilikali Mongol anafika Ulaya. Frederick II, yemwe anali mfumu ya Roma, anayesetsa kukonza kukana. Pamene Baty anayamba kukakamiza kumvera anayankha kuti iye akanakhoza kukhala falconer khan. Mwansanga Komabe, sichinachitikepo pakati pa asilikali. Patapita nthawi anakakhala Batu Sarai-Batu, pa mtsinje wa Volga. Maulendo ku West kuti salinso anachita.

kulimbikitsa ulus

Mu 1243 Batu anaphunzira Ugadei imfa. Asilikali ake anasamukira ku wotsika Volga. Apa pali likulu latsopano Jochi Ulus anakhazikitsidwa. Kagan Giiyuk (mmodzi wa Ugadei olandira) anasankhidwa kuti Kurultai 1246. Iye anali mdani nthawi yaitali Batu. Mu 1248 Giiyuk anamwalira, ndipo mu 1251 anasankhidwa kukhala kazembe wa chachinayi Munch okhulupirika, European campaigner ndi 1246 ndi 1243 kuthandiza latsopano Khan Batu anatumiza Berke (m'bale wake) ndi ankhondo ake.

Relations ndi akalonga a Yairo

Mu 1243-1246 gg. olamulira onse Russian anatenga wodalira wa Mongol Ufumu ndi Golden gulu. Jaroslav Vsevolod (Prince Vladimir) wakhala anazindikira ngati wamkulu mu Russia. Iye busted mu 1240 ndi Kiev asilikaliwa. Mu 1246 Batu Yaroslav linaikidwa pa Kurultai ku Karakorum monga nthumwi ndi udindo. Pali kalonga Russian poizoni mbali Guyuk. Mihail Chernigovsky anaphedwa Golden gulu chifukwa chakuti anakana kulowa m'chihema Khan pakati pa moto uwiri. Mongolia ankalitenga tsikuli ngati ndi cholinga choipa. Alexander Nevsky ndi Andrew - ana Yaroslav - anapita chiguluchi. Kufika uko mu Karakorum, choyamba-Novgorod ndi Kiev, ndipo chachiwiri - ndi Vladimir ukulu. Andrew, kulimbana ndi ku Mongolia, analowa mgwirizano ndi ndi wamphamvu pamene kalonga kum'mwera kwa Russia - wotchedwa Galicia. Unachititsa kampeni Chilango cha ku Mongolia mu 1252, asilikali a chiguluchi kutsogoleredwa ndi Nevryuya anapambana Yaroslav ndi Andrew. Batu anaperekedwa Simungachite pa Vladimir Alexandrov. Daniil Galitsky amanga asapita ake ndi Batu njira yosiyaniranapo. Iye athamangisa gulu Baskakov mizinda yawo. Mu 1254, asilikali kutsogoleredwa ndi Kuremsy.

Karokorumskie nkhani

Pambuyo pa chisankho mu 1246 Guyuk monga Wamkulu Khan anali kugawanika pakati pa ana a Chagatai ndi Ugadei ndi olandira cholowa cha zina ana awiri a Genghis Khan. Giiyuk anapita pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Batu. Komabe, mu 1248, pa nthawi imene asilikali ake anakakhala Transoxiana, anamwalira mwadzidzidzi. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, iye anali poizoni mbali Munch ndi Batu. Choyamba kenako anakhala mfumu yatsopano ya Mongol ulus. Mu 1251 Batu Khan anatumiza asilikali kutsogoleredwa ndi Burundai pansi Ortar kuthandiza Munch.

mbadwa

Batu Amlowam'malo anali: Sartak, Mbalame Yotchedwa Toucan, ndi Ulaghchi Abukan. Woyamba anali wotsatira wa Chikhristu. Sartak mwana kukwatiwa Gleb Vasilkovich ndi mwana wamkazi anakwatiwa ndi mdzukulu wa Batu St. Theodore Black. M'mabanja awiriwa anabadwa ndi Beloziorskiy Yaroslavskie olamulira (motero).