Mapangidwe, Nkhani
History of Russia: nyengo ya Peter. Kutanthauza, chikhalidwe Petrine nyengo. Art ndi mabuku Petrine nyengo
Kotala loyamba la XVII atumwi ku Russia unali wotchuka ndi kusintha mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi "Europeanization" a dziko. Chiyambi cha nthawi Petro limodzi ndi kusintha kwambiri miyambo ndi njira ya moyo. Atakhudzidwa kusandutsa maphunziro ndi mitundu ina ya moyo pagulu. kukonza zonse zapita mu gawo loyamba ndi povuta, nthawi zambiri zachiwawa. M'nkhani yotsatira zochitika zazikulu za Petrine nyengo.
Prerequisites kwa kusintha
Nkosafuna kunena kuti mkulu yogwira malowedwe a azungu asintha anati mu dziko m'zaka za m'ma XVII. Komabe, cholinga cha mphamvu ichi wasintha Petrovsky lothandiza. XVIII atumwi inali nthawi ya kukhazikitsa mfundo yatsopano ndi malingaliro. Chinthu chifungulo cha kusinthika wakhala moyo wa anthu otchuka Russian. Mphamvu ya kusintha anali wabwino kwenikweni ndi zolinga boma. Peter adafunafuna kusintha utsogoleri, nkhondo, mafakitale ndi Boma ndalama. Kuti tichite zimenezi ankafunika zinachitikira ndi zina zomwe a ku Ulaya. Bwino kusintha maboma chikugwirizana ndi mapangidwe dziko qualitatively latsopano osankhika, ndi kukonzanso kwa anthu otchuka a moyo.
zinachitikira loyamba
nyengo Petrine zinachitika mchikakamizo cha njira kumadzulo kwa moyo. Ndiko wolamulira wa Russia anaonekera kwa mfundo European ngakhale unyamata wake. Zaka zake zoyambirira Peter zambiri ankabwera kwa kotala German, zomwe anapeza mabwenzi ake oyamba. Pambuyo pa ulendo woyamba kunja iye ankadziwa kuti asamukire ku Europe ndi miyambo Russian, mabungwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zosangalatsa ndiponso kulankhulana. Komabe, iye sankaona kuti zonsezi ziwoneka ndi zina mavuto chifukwa cha nthaka ndi mbiri organic ichi sichinasinthidwe analengedwa mu dziko. lothandiza Petro Mwachidule, amagwirizana ndi oyamba lachiwawa Russian amatsogoza European. Monga kulembamo, mfumu makamaka chofunika wa nzika osiyanasiyana ndi kusiya miyambo zaka yakale ya makolo awo.
Kutembenuka loyamba
Ngati tiyenda pachimene anali lothandiza Petro, mwachidule, ndi rapprochement ndi West zinaonetsera chisamaliro boma zokhudza anthu mu Russia ngakhale kunja anafanana azungu. Atafika akunja, Peter analamula kuti abweretse lumo ndi kudula ndevu anadabwa kwambiri ndi boyars. Opaleshoni imeneyi mfumu anachita kangapo. Ndevu anakhala iye chizindikiro cha masiku amakedzana. Iye adazindikira zoipa ndi kukhalapo kwake mu nkhope ya boyars lapansi. Ngakhale patapita nthawi yaitali kuyambira ndevu anachita kukongoletsa inviolable, chizindikiro cha ulemu ndi gentility, gwero la kunyada. Watsimikiza 1705 analamula anthu onse, kupatulapo ansembe ndi agulupa kumeta masharubu wake ndi ndevu. Motero, anthu unagawidwa pawiri wosiyana. Mmodzi - anthu otchuka ndi osankhika a m'tawuni, limene linali pansi pa mavuto Europeanization, winayo anali kudacita.
kupenta
Ojambula zithunzi nthawi Peter m'njira zake kusonyeza malamulo a nyengo yakale imeneyi. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti kupenta wonse kwa mlingo watsopano ndi kuchedwa ena poyerekeza ndi maiko ena patsogolo. Luso nthawi Petro wayamba boma. Poyamba, chithunzi chatsopano zafotokozedwa mu Moscow ndi St. Petersburg. Izi zisanachitike, mbuye analemba zithunzi yekha. Culture Petrine nyengo adamfunsa chithunzi chikondwerero nkhondo, nalemekeza chigonjetso, mfumu ya zithunzi ndi nkhani. engravers Russian akanangokhoza Mwachitsanzo mabuku a mpingo. Pa gawo latsopano mbiri anali maganizo kofunika St. Petersburg, imalemba mabuku pa zida zankhondo, mapulani ndi seamanship. Culture Petrine nyengo adzamasulidwa ku mphamvu ya mpingo, kuyesera kumugwira ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya, kukankhira kutali mtsogolo.
Limatchula za kusintha
Features chikhalidwe Petrine nyengo akuwonetseredwa mu kusinthika zakuthwa njira kabwerebwere wa moyo. Choyamba Russia anayamba kutenga mbali ya kumadzulo ndi chithunzi. Masinthidwe kunachitika osati kuti abwere ku dziko aluso ena ndi amisiri. Monga mmodzi mwa zolinga zofunika kwambiri za maphunziro dziko pagulu kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa miyambo yabwino European. Maphunziro nthawi ambuye Russian sizinakhalitse. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18. anabwerera ku Holland ndi Italy, aluso asonyeza dziko talente awo, luso lawo, kuyambira kulenga katswiri kwambiri. zithunzi zina zatsopano yodziwika ndi chidwi mkulu munthu. chidwi kale kuti dziko mumtima mwake, ndi kapangidwe ka thupi. ojambula zithunzi Russian anayamba adzalandira zomwe luso la ambuye European. Ntchito yawo, iwo tsopano ntchito zipangizo zatsopano: nsangalabwi, mafuta pa lona. kupenta limawonekera liniya imeneyo, luso kusonyeza akuya voliyumu ndi danga. The ojambula zithunzi woyamba wa nyengo yatsopano anayamba ndi Nikitin Matveev.
chosema
Iye anatenga malo apadera luso mu zoyambirira za m'ma 18. chosema ankaona mtundu kwambiri lomwenso wa kupenta. Iye mwamsanga zochitika zimene zinachitika mu moyo wanga. Osiyanasiyana nkhani zinali zochepa zithunzi za umunthu otchuka mitundu ya m'mizinda, nkhondo, zikondwerero. lothandiza Petro anapereka Russia ndi ambuye dziko monga Rostovtsev, Alexei ndi Ivan Zubov.
zithunzi kakang'ono
Iwo anayamba kuoneka m'chiyambi cha m'ma. Olemba woyamba anali Ovsov ndi Musikiysky. Nthawi yoyamba kuti kulenga zithunzi kakang'ono wa mayiko ndi achibale awo. Komabe, pambuyo kufunika kwa ntchito izi anawonjezeranso kuti Academy of Tirhana kotala lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma 18, osankhidwa mwapadera.
mabuku
Izi bwino kwambiri linasonyeza zochita za latsopano zaka mabuku Petrine nyengo. Mu 1717 inasindikizidwa "Nkhani ..." zomwe zafotokozedwa zifukwa nkhondo ndi Sweden. Buku linakonzedwa ndi wotsatila Chancellor Shafirov m'malo mwa mwayekha lapansi. Izi "kulingalira" wakhala woyamba Russian zamtendere lonena za zinthu mfundo yachilendo ya Russia. kusintha Economic zikupezeka mu zolemba za Pososhkov. buku wotchuka kwambiri anali "Buku la chuma ndi umphawi." A wanzeru wolemba, wokamba, mpingo ndi kanjedza anthu mu m'badwo wa Petro anali wothandiza wa Church of Feofan Prokopovich kusintha. Iye anakamba "malamulo Uzimu", "Choonadi chidzakumasulani mfumu". Wina wodziwika otchuka anali Stefan Jaworski. Iye analenga mathirakiti achipembedzo monga "Stone of Faith", "chizindikiro cha Kudza kwa Wotsutsakhristu." Ntchito izi anauzidwa ndi Chiprotestanti reformism.
zosangalatsa
Pa kusintha akufuna kulenga zisudzo anthu mu St. Petersburg ndi Moscow. Kuvala gawo sewero lanthabwala ndi masewero mbiri ( "Amphitryon" ndi "Doctor Kukakamizidwa" ndi Moliere Mwachitsanzo). Anayamba kuoneka ntchito zoyamba zoweta kwambiri. Choncho, nyengo Peter unali wotchuka ndi chilengedwe cha munthu tragicomedy Prokopovich "Vladimir", Zhukovsky kusewera "Ulemerero kwa Russia". Kusintha makhalidwe akuwonetseredwa mu zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya zosangulutsa. Pakutha 1718 osankhika a Petersburg Society analidziwitsa misonkhano oyamba. Mfundo imeneyi anabadwa Peter mutapita kwa moyo French. Iwo anasonkhana ndipo anacheza ndi akuluakulu a ndale, asayansi, aluso ndi nthumwi zina za anthu mkulu. Kukhazikitsa yapadera Russia, Peter ankaphunzitsa anthu olemekezeka khalidwe aboma, komanso kuchita boma la akazi moyo pagulu. Mu ndondomeko bungwe anagwiritsa ntchito wokonzanso ndi zomwe yeniyeni ndi ongolankhula a ku Ulaya. Mu lamulo, kuti zonse dongosolo la msonkhano wa nyumba, ndi mndandanda wa malamulo amene kufotokoza zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku, amene anali kutsatira pano.
Kuwerengera
"Kagwiritsidwe" anali lingaliro lalikulu, lomwe ladzala ndi zaka lonse la Peter. Mu ulamuliro wa wokonzanso kwambiri sankawabisira oyamba a nyengo yatsopano. Tsopano wotchuka uja kunachitidwa osati kwa chilengedwe cha dziko, ndi kubadwa kwa Khristu. Chaka chatsopano anayamba 1 January, osati 1 September. Icho chinakhazikitsidwa monga maholide. Choncho, Peter anadziwana ndi Chaka Chatsopano. chikondwerero lake linali kutenga malo kuchokera 1 mpaka 7 January. Pankhaniyi, chipata khoti kuti kukongoletsa Oil, paini ndi mitengo yofanana ndi mkungudza kapena nthambi. M'misewu ikuluikulu madzulo izo analamulidwa chimoto panja, ndipo anthu chokumanako anali achilimbikitso mzake. Mu chaka chatsopano mu likulu la makombola. Peter Motero tate wa maholide ambiri mitundu. Chigonjetso zikondwerero zitsulo poto Chitsanzo Chinapambana Rome. Mu 1769 mamita mu chikondwerero pa nthawi ya chigonjetso pa Azov akuwonetseredwa zofunikira za zinthu zodzachitika m'tsogolo. Anawona zizindikiro Roma bwino ndithu. Mwa dongosolo la mfumu anamanga Chipilala cha kupambana.
oyamba akazi ku moyo mkulu
Kudzera kusintha wake, Peter sankaona kuti anthu si iyambe kwa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, akazi anali mabvuto kwambiri mu kamphindi kutali kuti domostroevskogo. Komabe, wokonzanso anawasamalira. Iye ananena kuti akazi, momwe zinthu, kavalidwe, nkhani. Poyamba, mu misonkhano, malingana ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi, madona Russian, mwamphamvu corseted, osati sankadziwa mmene kuvina ndi chisomo ndi omasuka, koma sindinadziwe momwe iwo ayenera kukhala pansi kapena kukhala. Nthawi zambiri iwo anali zosamveka, zosamveka.
Mtengo wa Petrine nyengo
Kutembenuka kwa mfumu analola dziko kufika pamlingo qualitatively latsopano. Mu malo oyamba kwambiri yafupika kusiyana kwa mitundu chikhalidwe ndi nkhani za chuma maiko patsogolo ku Ulaya. Komanso, Russia zachitika mu khalidwe lalikulu ndi lamphamvu. Chiyambi cha mfundo European, dziko anayamba powonekera lonse. Ndiyamika kusintha Petro tsopano chinthu chofunika si kuthetsedwa popanda nawo Russia. The kusintha zomwe zachitika mu moyo wapoyera kotala zoyambirira za m'ma 18, anali ikuyenda bwino kwambiri. Komabe, iwo kuwonjezera kwambiri kusiyana anthu otchuka ndi wamba. Olemekezeka anatembenukira kwa kalasi wolemekezeka osankhika. The ntchito mwa zinthu chikhalidwe ndi ubwino anali mwayi wawo yekha. Zonsezi anali limodzi ndi kufala kwa kunyoza chinenero Russian ndi chikhalidwe mu wakale malo olemekezeka. Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti Europeanization itakula mawonetseredwe zoipa chikhalidwe chisanadze Petrine Russia. Chosavuta zaluso kwambiri anazindikira otchuka. Nthawi zambiri n'zothandiza kutembenuka kanthu, kwathunthu mosiyana ndi zimene ankayembekezera. Ulemu ndi ulemu pa malamulo sakanakhoza kukhala kufunika mkati, iwo ayipanga chipongwe ndi zolaula. kusintha bwanji yekha pamwamba pa anthu. Wamba Russian akadali nthawi yaitali pambuyo pa mapeto a nthawi Petro sanapite zisudzo, musati kuwerenga manyuzipepala, sindikudziwa za kuli ikuluikulu. Choncho, kukonza zasintha ndi udindo kalasi mwayi Kumadzulo, ndi moyo wa makalasi m'munsi - zosiyana, cha East. Pa dzanja limodzi, kutembenuka mu moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha zinthu anapanga pa chitukuko cha maphunziro, sayansi ndi mabuku. Komabe, ambiri mfundo European ndi olakwika komanso wachiwawa anasamutsa umakaniko. Izi zinadzetsa mavuto kwambiri kwa kutukula wa Chikhalidwe Russian zochokera m'miyambo wakale. The oimira otchuka, kuvomereza mfundo European, m'malo kwambiri kunyamuka kwa anthu. Woyang'anira Russian chikhalidwe - Russian wamba - linamangidwa miyambo dziko. Ndipo izi kukonzanso yekha kugwirizana ake mu njira ya wamakono wa State. Chifukwa, izo zinayambira kwambiri yamakolo magawano pakati pa anthu. zinthuzo onse kwakukulukulu anakonzeratu zotsutsana pachimake ndi mphamvu ya kusokonekera chikhalidwe amene anali m'ma 20.
Pomaliza
kusintha Petrine mu chikhalidwe, dera chikhalidwe cha moyo pagulu ndi khalidwe kutchulidwa ndale. Nthawi zambiri, kusintha kunachitika ndi zinthu zachiwawa. Anthu anakakamizika kutenga mlendo kwa iwo mfundo za sayansi. Zonsezi zinachitika mu zofuna za boma, unapangidwa mkulu wa mfumu Ndizovuta. Kusiyana chachikulu pakati pa Russian Ufumu analenga nusu ya zaka zana, anali anasonyeza misampha ya nthawi Petro. Wokonzanso anayesetsa kupereka ulemerero wa boma, kulowa mu mgwirizano wa mayiko pa Ufulu wa maiko a ku Ulaya. N'chifukwa chake amagwira muyika mumachitidwe mfundo kumadzulo. Okonzanso mwamtheradi onse muzochitika za moyo wa amazikonda anthu otchuka. Mu magawo oyambirira zaluso otchedwa kukana chokhwima. Komabe, ndikusamvera mfumu sikuloledwa. wotchuka osankhika chinayenera kumvera ndi kuphunzira kukhala pansi pa malamulo atsopano. Ndikukhazikitsa kusintha, Peter anafuna kuonetsetsa kuti anthu otchuka analandira othandiza zinachitikira European. Choncho, nthawi zambiri n'kupita kudziko lina yekha, adatuma kunja omumvera ake, kuitana alendo kwa Russia. Anayesetsa kubweretsa dziko mwa kudzipatula ndale. Mu nthawi ya Petro nambala yaikulu zosemasema. ambuye Russian anatenga zinachitikira ndi luso la ku Ulaya analenga katswiri, amene kenako zinadziwika kwa dziko lonse. kusintha kwakukulu anali anamuona pa zomangamanga ndi. Ngakhale oyamba m'malo wankhanza wa zaluso, Russia zosamukira kuyandikira kwa Europe. Komabe, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, kusintha anakhudzidwa yekha makalasi chapamwamba. Wamba anakhalabe osaphunzira. The wamba anali alonda a miyambo yakale ndi wopatulika analemekeza awo. umunthu Petro imatengedwa ndi azambiriyakale ambiri maganizo. Ambiguously amaona ofufuza ndi kusintha wake. asinthe bwanji makhalidwe osati ndi moyo, luso ndi mamangidwe. kusintha kwambiri akhala dera nkhondo, ndi zida zaboma. zaluso ambiri chosasunthika mu dziko. mibadwo wotsatira Ndakukwaniritsirani dongosolo analengedwa ndi Peter. Mfumu wakhala chizindikiro cha kusintha mtima, Mubalane ndi ogwira ntchito mwa zinthu Western.
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