The Republic of Venice. The Republic of St. Maliko: m'mbiri

The Republic Venetian unakhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chiwiri mu Europe. likulu unali mzinda wa Venice. Mu madera kumpoto kum'mawa kwa makono Italy Republic sanaletse, n'kupanga njuchi mu mabeseni ya Marmara, Aegean ndi Black Sea ndi Adriatic. Izo zinakhala mpaka 1797.

chilungamo Republican

Mu Palace ya Doges pa pyantsette anakhala nduna ndi Council kwa Doges, panali bwalo. Secretariat, ngakhale m'ndende. Anaphedwa Republic of Venice zigawenga onse pagulu, nthawi zambiri popanda kufotokoza - aliyense amene anaphedwa anali woukira ndi chidwi losonkhanitsidwa.

Zokambirana - zambiri pa nsonga ya - ntchito Council lachinsinsi logwira wa khumi. Mugawo okhala m'tauni anaona mtembo pakati pa mizati pa pyantsette osati kale - mu 1752, lero pali chizindikiro: pakati pa mizati kupita - osati zabwino.

Komabe, matupi mwina pomereschitsya kulikonse: pa Doge yachifumu, pamwamba pa Arcade, kumene mizati ndi ofiira omwe anapachika ndi zotsalira panayi za chiwembu Marino Faliero, ndipo ngakhale Cathedral, pa ngodya ya yodulidwa mitu ankazionetsa. Chidutswa cha porphyry, amene anali ngati kuthandiza iwo mpaka pano. Choncho, nayenso, analalikira malamulo ayenera kutsatira ndi Republic of Venice. Nkhani ya yaitali ake ndi maganizo.

boma lapadera

Umene unatha ku wachisanu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, maboma pafupifupi, dziko anali osankhidwa, ndipo wina akhoza kunena, demokalase. Back mu 466, anthu ambiri a Venice lagoon amaphatikiza mfundo imeneyi zosasinthika. Khumi oimira anasankhidwa kwa Board ndi awiri ofunika kwambiri kwa nthawi zimenezo zilumba zomwe zimapanga Venice: Bebb, Grado, Heraclea, Caorle, Torcello, Jesolo, ndi Rialto, Murano, mwambo Malamocco, Big ndi Small Chioggia.

Vynuzhdlena Venetian Republic anali kumenyana mwakhama ndi zonse: Odoacer, ndi Ostrogoths, ndi kum'mawa Roma, ndi incursions mobwerezabwereza za Lombards ... Iwo anaulula kufunika kulamulira wapamwamba. Choyamba osankhidwa doge pa moyo wake, koma popanda kutchula udindo wake cholowa m'chaka 697. Zinali Paolo Lucio Anafesto - mutu wa Republic Venetian. Ngakhale woyamba mwamtheradi mwankhaza zalembedwa chisankho zinachitika okha 727, pamene doge anakhala Orseolo.

Macheke ndi miyeso

Venice andale inali yovuta kwambiri dongosolo kulamulira. Choyamba, kunali kofunika kuonetsetsa kuti sizinachitike kudzitengera mphamvu.

• Council Grand: thupi lalikuru lomwe umasankha nsonga zofunika, oweruza ndi Doges. Umembala okha cholowa pansi kulowa mu "Golden Book". chiwerengero panthawi zosiyanasiyana anthu 400 chikwi.
• Doge: osankhidwa pakati pa akazembe a San Marco - ofesi moyo. Khumi chisankho magawo. Kusankha palokha sanathe zopangira zochepa. Kulephera kupita malo kunja.
• Small nsonga: alangizi sikisi doge ndi abale atatu a bungwe la makumi anai.
• Senate: mamembala zana ndi makumi awiri osankhidwa chaka chimodzi ndi ufulu mpando ndi mavoti. More handiredi ndi forte mamembala popanda ufulu kukavota. Mutu wa Senate - Collegium wa sikisitini. Council kukambirana ndi kuthetsa mfundo zonse zoweta ndi achilendo.
• Council makumi: Supreme Court la Republic. Chimachititsa malangizo zambiri.
• Tip khumi: pafupifupi kusaka. anaziika Special wa Doge. Mamembala amasankhidwa kwa chaka malangizo kwambiri. Kuyandikana ndikoletsedwa. Kwathunthu anonymous dongosolo.
• mabungwe onse a boma: guilds akatswiri brotherhoods achipembedzo.

Sankhani ndipo amakhala osankhidwa akanatha aliyense Venetian, koma, monga mwa nthawi zonse ndipo kulikonse, Doge anakhala kazembe wa mmodzi wa mabanja olemera. Chotero zisankho sanali kokha Republic of Venice. Mbiriyakale imadzibwereza yokha zonse.

Kupeza mphamvu

Yokhala, mzinda wa Venice anali kutchulidwa kwa Ufumu wa Byzantine, kanthawi Karl Veliky anawonjezera kuti wawo, koma kwenikweni kumeneko kwakhala ogwetsana. Udindo wa otetezeka ndi opindulitsa. Republic of Venice si malonda bwino, komanso kumenyana kupambana, makamaka pa nyanja. Chifukwa, kum'mawa gombe la Adriatic Nyanja ndi ambiri a m'munsi Italy anakhala mkono wa doge Venetian.

Misonkhano makamaka Polemeretsedwa asapita malonda, ndi mzinda wa Venice anayamba bwino, kuwonjezera chikoka mu Middle ndi Near East. Mpikisano mu nkhope ya Pisa, Republic City ndi Genoa sanathe kupikisana ndi Republic wa Doges.

kuletsa ufulu

Komabe, mwa Democrats boma kwambiri analimbana ndi olemekezeka. Chilakolako cha ena kutembenukira mabwalo mu ufumu cholowa sichinatheke. Mu 1172 iye ankatchedwa maguluwo Council Great wosankhidwa amene kwambiri kukanakhala kumuphwanyira mphamvu ya Doges.

matupi Collegial anasintha mayina awo ndi manambala: mabwalo a St. Mark, kangati ankatchedwa Republic of Venice mu Ages Middle, izo analenga Council makumi anayi, Bungwe la faifi handiredi, ndi matupi awa anasankhidwa mphamvu siziyendera dozham, iwonso zonse, ndi kulamulira zochitika zonse za wolamulira wa dziko. Tingati iwo ananena zofanana oligarchic Republic, ikuyang'anira chisankho.

Mu fano ili mkango wa St. Mark, mlaliki, ndi dzina la Cathedral ndi wochititsa Bungwe la khumi, amene ali ndi maganizo ndi makhalidwe amene Venetian Republic. Odula manja patsogolo pa inu.

oligarchy

Pulogalamu kwambiri ntchito m'boma kwa nthawi yaitali panali nkhondo, ndi oligarchs zinali zopanda malire gwero la ndalama. Ngongole oumiriza ndi kogwirizana ndi gawo ambiri olemera wa anthu. Kunali kosatheka kukana kapena kunyalanyaza chigamulo kuti anamasulira Republic Venetian. History wateteza mayina a anthu amene anayesa kupewa chitsiriziro kunapezeka kuti wathuwu. Komabe, khamu ambiri a anthu pang'onopang'ono anathetsa ndi kusungunuka. Malamulo ntchito kokha kuti athandize apamwamba.

Atalandidwa Constantinople ndi Akhristu anapita ku Venice eighths atatu a gawo lonse la Ufumu wa Byzantium ndi chilumba chonsecho mwa Krete. Choncho, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu izo anali wolemera ndipo musawope adani. Pakati pa Avenetia ndi anthu a sayansi ndi luso, kuposa boma lina lililonse. Asangalala ndi mafakitale, ndi malonda. Anthu unakula mofulumira wolemera, chifukwa sanali zopotola misonkho.

kusintha

Portugal mu 1498 anatsegula njira kuti nyanja ku East Indies, ndi mzinda wa Venice wataya kum'mawa phindu lonse malonda. Isperih Ottoman anatenga Constantinople, ndipo anachotsa Avenetia pafupifupi chilichonse iwo anali, ngakhale Albania ndi Negroponte, kenako Cyprus, ndi Candia. Kuyambira 1718 dziko la Venice ali pafupifupi unatha nawo malonda padziko lonse.

Iye anali pafupi mamiliyoni awiri ndi theka nzika akukhala Venice yokha, mu Dalmatia, Istria ndi Ionian Islands. Ndipo pambuyo French kuukira boma ndi ufulu wa mzinda yachiwiriyi anataya. Bonaparte analengeza nkhondo pa Republic. No zokambirana ndi zokambirana zalephera. Venice anagonja pa nzeru 1797. gawo Republic ndi unagawidwa pakati Austria, France ndi Ufumu wa Italy.

zotsatira

moyo Full analipo zaka zoposa 1100, anapambana m'dera la thousandfold woposa yokha yomwe inali ambiri chachikulu panyanja zombo mu Mediterranean, pa udani ndi Turkey ndi Ottoman, dziko la Venice sizidzakumbukiridwa monga woyamba boma demokalase. Popeza kuti kenako analepheranso kuteteza osati anagonjetsa, komanso likulu lake - akuwaphunzitsazo: nkhondo ndi anansi ake ali woposa boma.