Mbiri ndi tanthauzo la "kuti Chiwalitsiro"

History of Russia ali zambiri mawu ndi zochitika khalidwe la zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto kwa ophunzira. Imodzi mwa mfundo izi ndi Chiwalitsiro kwa dongosolo, anachita mu XVII - XVIII zaka, ntchito ya wofufuza milandu, ndipo bungwe lolamulira.

Kuvuta kwa nkhani kwagona kuti mawu akuti "dongosolo" m'zaka za m'ma otsiriza zasintha tanthauzo lake. Pachifukwa ichi, ophunzira ambiri anatayika, popeza analangiza kuti: "Akulitse mfundo phindu. Kusandulika kwa dongosolo -? Ndichiyani "Imeneyi, kulakwitsa aakulu ndi kuyesa tiyankhe funso, zochokera chinenero chamakono ?.

Mawu akuti "dongosolo" - lamulo kapena ulamuliro?

Kuti mudziwe tanthauzo la "Chiwalitsiro kuti" mfundo ndi kulongosola bwino ntchito ankaimba mu mapangidwe a ufumuwo Russian, m'pofunika kumvetsa chiyambi cha mawu akuti "dongosolo". Modern Dictionary anafotokoza mawu motere: ". Lamulo, nkhani kuti aphedwe okhwima" Komabe, mawu uyu anayamba ndi posachedwapa. Mu Russia Komabe, kuyambira cha m'ma XV, icho chinali kutchedwa ndi dongosolo la boma chapakati udindo mbali zina za nkhawa anthu. Choncho, Prince Ivan III, anamaliza kugwirizana kwa maukulu osiyana Asilavo, kusandulika dongosolo Russian ulamuliro posamutsa malamulo wamkulu ulamuliro - ndi zinachitika mautumiki ano. kuti Ambassadorial, Local, Street, monga Pushkarsky ... lililonse latsopano kalonga kapena mfumu dongosolo likugwirizana, koma mpaka Peter Ine sindinayambe udzawonongedwa.

Maonekedwe a Chiwalitsiro kwa dongosolo

ulamuliro alitcha chikuoneka m'midzi tiwiri pafupi Moscow - Semenovsk ndi Chiwalitsiro, umene 1682 anagwidwa ukapolo wamng'ono Tsar Peter ndi amayi ake. Mphamvu zonse anali anaikira mu manja a regent ndi - Sophia, ndi zisangalalo chifukwa Peter akaweruzidwa awiri "zoseketsa" Regiment. Sinthani nkhani zonse chuma ndi zina regiments izi anatitumiza ku mwapadera analenga Mwaichi Preobrazhensky malamulo.

Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi, achinyamata Petro adayamba nawo kayendetsedwe ka dziko, ichi "woseketsa" kuti kusintha tanthauzo lake. Amasonkhana momuzungulira Iye akudzanja la achinyamata Petulo Kutacha zolinga woyamba kukonza lalikulu, anafotokoza za kufunika kwa nkhondo ndi Turkey. Kutsogolera dongosolo la Peter A. kuika chimodzi mwa anzake - Prince Fedora Yurevicha Romodanovskogo.

Woyamba kwambiri nkhani ya Chiwalitsiro kwa dongosolo

Mu 1689, Mfumukazi Sophia anayesa kulanda mphamvu zonse ndi kukhala mfumukazi. Kuti zili ndi Royal regiments chilili Moscow. Oseketsa regiments, kutsogoleredwa ndi kalonga Romodanovsky, anakakamizidwa kulowa nkhondo yake yoyamba kwambiri ndipo anapambana. Sophia anali wandende Novodevichy Akatolika, ndi Chiwalitsiro a dongosolo la gulu tochepa wakhala mmodzi wa akuluakulu zofunika kwambiri anthu. Izo zinali kutumikiridwa apolisi mu Moscow kufufuza milandu ndale 1698 iye anapatsidwa ufulu wonse kwa kuweruza milandu iliyonse mfumu kapena ufumu.

Ndi wamphamvu ameneyu gulu ulamuliro wa Peter Ine unkayenera angapo adzaletse chipolowe, kuzunzidwa kwa adani andale a Peter ndi Kuphedwa wamagazi. Lingaliro la "Preobrazhensky" anakhala mawu banja, kwa zaka zambiri kusonkhana anthu ndi zoopsa zipinda torturous wozunzikirapowo chokana nkhanza.

Komabe, zoona, ntchito ya dongosolo ili anali okulira kwambiri: kuti kulengedwa kwa Senate mu 1711, iye anali waukulu bungwe lolamulira la dziko, pakalibe mfumu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene nawo Peter Ine Wamkulu ofesi ya kazembe ku Ulaya la Chiwalitsiro kuti mavuto onse mkati.

Preobrazhensky mbali kupondereza kugalukira musketeers

Mmodzi wa milandu yoopsa kwambiri, chimene chingalowe nawo Kumvetsela kalonga Romodanovsky, anali strelets chiwembu mu 1698. Anatumiza (mmalo mwa zosangalatsa analonjeza) kutumikira mu Great Luka regiments anakana kumvera malangizo. Ndipo iwo anagwidwa kumasula Mfumukazi Sophia - ". Anali wachifundo kwa iwo" amene, mosiyana ndi Peter, Strelets chiwembu anali kuponderezedwa mwankhanza. Pa behest a Peter oponya mivi oposa 300 anamangidwa ndi mafunso mu SVEZA Chiwalitsiro dongosolo. Tanthauzo la mwambo umenewu chifukwa chitukuko cha Russia anali wautali kwambiri: zinali pambuyo chipolowe mu 1698 strelets asilikali unatha ndipo unatha kalekale.

Kudutsa dziko, anali kazitape kugwirizana musketeers. Ambiri mwa ophunzira mu chiwembu anatha mu mayenje a mdima wa Chiwalitsiro kwa dongosolo, kwambiri pamaso anaphedwa pa Red Square kumangiriza kwa ena. chochitika zomvetsa chisoni analanda Vasily Surikov ndi chithunzi wake "Morning a akuphedwa ndi Strelets."

Nthawi ya ufumu nyengo

Mu zaka wotsatira, kusandulika kwa dongosolo anakhala zambiri chapakati ofufuza ndi ulamuliro milandu. Kuyambira 1702 inayamba mafunso aliyense amene "anali kumuuza kuti mawu mwayekha" (ie, atadziwa chiwembu yayandikirayo. kapena kukambirana oukira).

Mu 1718 ofesi chinsinsi unakhazikitsidwa mu St. Petersburg, amene analandira ntchito za Chiwalitsiro lamulo la kumpoto, ndipo Patapita zaka zingapo onse mabungwe awa ophatikizidwa mu chimodzi. Ndi apa, mu Petro ndi Paulo linga, kumene kunali ofesi chinsinsi, anachititsa nkhani ya Tsarevich Alexei - mwana wa Peter, amene mlandu woukira boma. Kufunsidwa njira yokhudza wozunzikirapo kuti silinasinthidwe ngakhale Alexei Petrovich, ndi chikhulupiriro chitaperekedwa posachedwapa. Koma izi zisanachitike kuphedwa kwa wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu sanakhalanso ndi moyo: June 26, anapezeka akufa mu cell ake.

The zaka lotsiriza la Chiwalitsiro kwa dongosolo

onse Petrine nyengo Chiwalitsiro kuti anali chamankhwala chodalirika mphamvu wachifumu. Kukodzedwa mphamvu zake kusintha dzina: choncho, mu 1702, bungwe anatchedwa mongoyembekezera "ambiri khoti". Pofika kumapeto kwa ufumu wa Peter Ine, kuti izi anali ndi mphamvu kufunafuna ndi kuweruza akayidi andale, afufuze nkani chigawenga, kuchita Kuphedwa, ndipo ngakhale kulamulira kugulitsa fodya. Mu malo Fedor Romodanovsky anadza mwana wake, Ivan Romodanovsky, kuti atsogolere ntchito chigawenga ofufuza waikidwa Andrey Ushakov.

Amataya kufunika brainchild a Peter anali atamwalira wake. Catherine Ine anadzatchedwa bungwe Ofesi ya Chiwalitsiro, kusunga ambiri a mphamvu yake. Ndipo mu 1729 Mfumu Peter II potsiriza anathetsa mphamvu lizipita bwana wake ndi posamutsa bizinesi mu Senate ndi Council Wamkulukulu.