The zamoyo zinachita osiyana ndi chosintha chitukuko la anthu? Lingaliro la zamoyo zinachita ndi chosintha chitukuko cha anthu

Society sanayambe adayima. Choncho, akatswiri ochokera Nthawi osiyana ndi masukulu a kuyesera njira zawo kumasulira malamulo monga imene ikuyenda. Izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale mfundo ziwiri kumalo ozizira a view: kunachitika ndi zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha anthu.

chiphunzitso Spencer

British Katswiri ndi nzeru zapamwamba Herbert Spencer anaphunzira mbali zambiri za moyo m'dziko. Makamaka, iye ndiye anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zimakhudza zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha anthu. Buku chachikulu - "Mfundo Basic" - linalembedwa mu 1862. Iwo Spencer anagwirizana zochitika monga mfundo sanali kusokonezedwa a boma ndi evolutionism. Chifukwa cha wolemba a m'nthawi yake ndaphunzira zambiri za chiphunzitso cha patsogolo.

Generalizing olembedwa Spencer, munthu anganene, kuposa osiyana zamoyo zinachita ndi chosintha chitukuko cha anthu. Mlingo woyamba wa kusokonezedwa boma miyoyo ya anthu. Ngati ndi kochepa, pali ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana. Izi azingokhala dongosolo kuipidwa ku anthu ambiri yaing'ono. zidutswa latsopano udindo osiyana akalambula ake, ndi amene angathe kugwira bwino. Kotero chitukuko pang'onopang'ono mwamtendere evolves, onse efficiently pogwiritsa ntchito chuma chake.

differentiating mbali

The ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana angachotsedwe kudzikundikira kwambiri za umboni pakati pa mbali zosiyana za anthu. Zimenezi zingachititse kuti azingokhala dongosolo. loipali ankatsutsa kusakanikirana, m'munsili chitukuko cha dziko.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Spencer kwenikweni Darwin ananeneratu. Iwo anali kukonza ndi English wasayansi patatha zaka zochepa buku la "Mfundo Basic". Spencer ankakhulupiriranso kuti kusanduka chikhalidwe ndi mbali yofunika ya zamoyo chonse konsekonse. Iye anafotokoza mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa ndondomeko mbiri imene anthu osiyana ndi wina kusintha mibadwo msinkhu wina wa kupita patsogolo, kusiya survivals chikhalidwe.

The zamoyo zinachita osiyana ndi chosintha chitukuko la anthu? Kotero ngati izo ziti zichitike mwamtendere kapena kudzera asilikali. Izi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira ziwiri izi. Pali mfundo zina zofunika. Wina ananena French katswiri Emil Dyurkgeym. kafukufuku uyu, pamodzi ndi Karlom Marksom, Maksom Veberom, ndi Auguste Comte, ankaona godfather sayansi yamakono chikhalidwe.

chiphunzitso Durkheim a

Durkheim ankakhulupirira kuti chitukuko zinachokera anthu, monga kuyenera chosintha, zomwe zingatithandize kukhala pang'onopang'ono magawano zachilengedwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira ukhanda wa bizinesi ku Ulaya. Icho ndi chimene chimasiyanitsa zamoyo zinachita ndi chosintha chitukuko cha anthu.

Malinga Durkheim, pali mitundu iwiri ya zipangizo anthu. anthu Simple ogaŵikana zigawo ofanana, amene ali ofanana ndi mzake. Komano, pali magulu zovuta ndi dongosolo bwino ndi Multilaterial chipangizo yake. Komanso, aliyense wa iwo ali wamng'ono yake gawo la chifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Kusiyana dongosolo la - osiyana zamoyo zinachita ndi chosintha chitukuko cha anthu. Ngati patsogolo mabasi kusintha mwadzidzidzi.

Emil Dyurkgeym amadziwikanso zinthu zingapo zimene zigwirizana pamodzi ndi zovuta za anthu, ngati ali panjira zinachokera chitukuko. Choyamba, kukula kwa anthu kumawonjezera. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti kuwonjezera kuchuluka ndi khalidwe ubale chikhalidwe. Kenako imayamba Chigawo cha ntchito, zomwe limakhazikitsa zotsutsana ndi pakati pa magulu osiyana.

German Katswiri Ferdinand Tönnies anali wasayansi woyamba amene ankaphunzira patsogolo chikhalidwe chitsanzo mbiri. M'buku lake "Anthu ndi anthu," anasonyeza tinganene Germany ku njira ya makolo ubale ano. Pang'onopang'ono - ichi ndi kusiyana pakati pa zamoyo zinachita ndi chosintha chitukuko cha anthu.

Marxism

M'zaka za m'ma XIX ambiri a akatswiri Pamilunguyo malingaliro Spencer a. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo panalinso mfundo ina ya view. oyambitsa ake anayamba Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Chichewa. Awiriwa asayansi German akhala kumbali ya ulimi udzathetsa mavuto pakati pa zigawo zosiyana za anthu pansi bizinesi. Marx anali mlembi wa "Capital". ntchito lofunika kenako anaonekera Baibulo izikhala ndale ya phiko kumanzere.

The chifukwa cha kusintha kwa

Chisinthiko ndi chosintha chitukuko cha anthu zimatsutsana, chifukwa akutanthauzanji njira zosiyanasiyana za patsogolo. Mu XIX ndi XX atumwi, panali zikuluzikulu zida zochita, cholinga umene unali ziŵalo anthu. Ena mwa iwo anali wopambana, ndipo zinachititsa kuti wagwa dongosolo alipo.

njira zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko cha anthu (zamoyo zinachita ndi chosintha) amasiyana ndi zotsatira zake. patsogolo pang'onopang'ono nayenso pang'onopang'ono watsimikiza zotsutsana kuti akukangana makalasi chikhalidwe. Kukwera kumabweretsa mantha ndi nthawi kuphwanya miyambo anakhazikitsa. Poyamba, nkhani zimenezi zinakhala okha pa masamba a mabuku, koma zochitika nkhondo World Ndinawasonyeza weniweni wamagazi ndi opanda chifundo.

siteji kukula anthu

Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha zamoyo zinachita ndi chosintha chitukuko cha anthu pang'onopang'ono. Mbadwo watsopano uliwonse wa asayansi ndi kupanga chinthu chatsopano ziphunzitso izi. Mwachitsanzo, mu XX m'ma American Uolt Uitmen Rostow akufuna latsopano akuti "siteji ya kukula." Pakhala asanu. Aliyense wa iwo yodziwika siteji ena patsogolo chikhalidwe.

Sitepe yoyamba ndi anthu chikhalidwe. Bukuli lili ndi ulimi. Izi ndi boma inert kwambiri kuti n'zovuta kusintha. Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi akuyamba zamoyo zinachita ndi chosintha chitukuko cha anthu. Mtengo wa anthu chikhalidwe ndi zazikulu, chifukwa pa nthawi imeneyi ndi akutulukira ndi miyambo yonse ya anthu.

Gawo lachiwiri amakhala ndi kusintha kwa. Pa nthawi imeneyi kampani amasonkhana zinthu zokwanira kuyamba chitukuko. Pali kukula kuchuluka kwa ndalama likulu. Komanso boma amakhala chapakati (feudalism chinthu chakale).

Mu gawo lachitatu akuyamba mafakitale, amene amakhala ndi chitukuko cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafakitale. Kusintha njira yopanga, amene kumawonjezera Mwachangu ake.

anthu mafakitale

Mu siteji chachinayi pali prerequisites kwa zikamera wa anthu mafakitale, umene potsiriza anapanga mu gawo lotsiriza la chitukuko chisinthiko. Iwo amakhala ndi dongosolo patsogolo ndi zovuta za gulu la ntchito imene aliyense wodziimira malinga ndi maphunziro ndi luso.

Kupanga kuchuluka limachititsa kuti akakwaniritse ambiri zosiyanasiyana katundu ku msika. Izi bwino khalidwe la moyo wa anthu. Yopanga modernized mothandizidwa ndi zochita zokha ndi mechanization. Chotero ndondomeko udzatha sayansi ndi luso zisinthe. Pali ano kachitidwe patsogolo kulankhulana (magalimoto ndi zina zotero. D.). Anthu akukhala kwambiri mafoni, ndipo mzindawo ndi mizinda siteji, pamene pali zofunikira zatsopano kwa omasuka ndi yabwino moyo.

anthu positi-mafakitale

Lingaliro la mtundu mafakitale kuti zayamba chifukwa cha zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha anthu, unali wotchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma XX. Koma sanakhale komaliza. Ena akatswiri (Zbignev Bzhezinsky, Alvin Toffler) akufuna maganizo anthu positi-mafakitale, Chofanana amasiku ano padziko lonse.