Vuto la kulolerana: umboni mabuku. ndi kulolerana zimene: tanthauzo, ofanana,

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti "kulekerera" anawonekera mu 1953. Katswiri wa chithunzithunzi cha Chingerezi Medawar amatanthawuza kulekerera katundu wa chitetezo cha mthupi, momwe thupi limadziwira thupi lachilendo monga lokha ndipo silikuchitapo kanthu mwanjira iliyonse.

Pambuyo pake, mawu oti "kulekerera" adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina za sayansi, zomwe zinapindulitsa kwambiri. M'nkhaniyi tidzakambirana zomwe liwuli likutanthawuza, liwu loti "kulekerera", komanso limatanthauzanso mavuto akuluakulu a kulekerera, kutsutsana nawo ndi mawu ochokera kunthano.

Kupirira ndi ...

Kotero, kodi kulekerera ndi chiyani? Tanthauzo la mawu amenewa nthawi zambiri limatchedwa kulekerera khalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa anthu oyandikana nawo. Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, kulekerera kumaonedwa kukhala kuleza mtima kwa njira yosiyana ya moyo. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti mawu awa ndi ofanana ndi mawu "osayanjanitsika". Ikhoza kuonedwa ngati mwayi wopatsa ena ufulu wokhala momwe iwo amaonera.

Mu filosofi, mawu oti "kulekerera" amatanthauza kuleza mtima pa malingaliro ndi zizolowezi zina. Pakati pa anthu, khalidwe ili likufunika kuti tikhalepo mwamtendere ndi anthu a zipembedzo zina, maiko komanso zipembedzo.

Sayansi ya sayansi imasonyeza kulekerera monga kuthekera kwa kukhala mwamtendere ndi mopanda chiwawa kumvetsetsa mtundu uliwonse wa kudziwonetsera kwa munthu wina. Apa zizindikiro zazikulu za kulekerera ndizo malingaliro a ubwino ndi kulekerera.

Vuto la kutanthauzira

Kawirikawiri, malingaliro monga kulemekeza, kumvetsetsa ndi kuvomereza ndi ofanana ndi kulekerera.

Kulekerera sikungathenso kutchulidwa kuti kugonjera, kukondweretsa kapena kukondweretsa, kuphatikizapo, sizikutanthauza kulekerera kuti munthu wina achite zinthu zopanda chilungamo kapena kukana zofuna zake zadziko komanso makhalidwe ake.

Mungathe kufotokoza zambiri zokhuza kulekerera, koma palibe mwa iwo omwe angatuluke tanthauzo la njirayi chifukwa munthu sangathe kuziphimba zonse za moyo wa munthu. Kotero ndi chiyani kulolerana? Tanthauzo la mawu awa likhoza kuchepetsedwa kukhala lotsatira. Kuleza mtima ndi kulolerana, kudzipereka kwathunthu, malingaliro apadera a maganizo omwe akuwonekera polemekeza malingaliro ena, zikhulupiliro, njira zodzifotokozera komanso zigawo zina za umunthu. Ichi ndi malo ogwira ntchito, omwe amathandiza kuti muthe kumvetsetsa pakati pa otsutsa.

Kupirira mu dziko lamakono

Mavuto amasiku ano olekerera amasiyana kwambiri ndi omwe amaperekedwa muzolemba zamakono. Amaphatikizapo kusamvetsetsa kwa mafuko, zachikhalidwe, ndi amuna. Amapitirizabe kuphunzira malamulo amodzi okha: ziribe kanthu momwe dziko lasinthira, kulekerera nthawi zonse kudzatengedwa kuti ndibwino.

Koma tsopano, monga kale, ntchito yoyamba yomwe ikufunika kuthandizidwa ndi vuto la mapangidwe olekerera. Izi ndi chifukwa cha zifukwa zotsatirazi:

• Kusiyanitsa mwadzidzidzi ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko pa zachuma, mafuko, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe ndi zina. Pankhani iyi, kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu kwakula.
• Kukula kwa chipembedzo chopitirira malire.
• Nkhondo zapakati pazokha zakhala zikuchulukitsa mgwirizano wamakani (mwachitsanzo, nkhondo pakati pa Ukraine ndi Russia).
• Mavuto ndi othawa kwawo.

Kuti tikhale oleza mtima kwa wina, zikhalidwe zina ndi zofunika, zomwe zimatchedwa mfundo zoyambirira. Amaphatikizapo malo asanu:

• Chiwawa sichiyenera kukhala njira yotsiriza.
• Ufulu wosankha. Munthu ayenera kubwera ku chisankho chozindikira.
• Limbikitseni nokha popanda kukakamiza ena. Mfundo yaikulu ya kulekerera ndi kuthekera kwa munthu kukhalabe yekha, popanda kukakamiza wina kusintha maganizo ake.
• Kusunga malamulo, miyambo ndi miyambo ndizofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kulekerera.
• Landirani wina momwe ziliri, mosasamala kusiyana kwake.

Kufunika kwa vuto la kulekerera sikungayankhidwe. Ndipotu, monga momwe filosofi wina dzina lake Yu A. Schrader ananenapo kuti: "Tsoka loopsya kwambiri lomwe lingawononge chitukuko cha dziko lapansi ndi kuwonongedwa kwa umunthu mwa munthu." Choncho, pokhudzana ndi kulandiridwa kwa anthu ena monga momwe ziliri, zambiri zalembedwa ndizinenedwa.

Kupirira ndi Mabuku

Kuti mumvetsetse kukula kwa vutoli, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zifukwa zomveka. Mu nkhani, zolemba ndi nkhani, zochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo zimatchulidwa, komwe mungathe kuona zitsanzo za protagonists, ndi kulekerera kotani pamoyo weniweni.

Kufulumira kwa vuto la kulekerera kunaonekera koyamba m'mabuku a kale a Rus Rus. Wolemba wina wothamanga Athanasius Nikitin anafotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipembedzo ku India. M'malemba ake, adapempha owerenga kuti aganizire za mitundu yonse ya dziko ndikulekerera anthu omwe ali ndi chikhulupiriro chosiyana.

Koma chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa ku ntchito za mabuku owerengera. Olemba a nthawi imeneyo analankhula za mavuto a kulekerera omwe analipo pakati pa anthu. Kotero, mu ntchito za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, mavuto a kulekerera anafalikira mu sayansi ndi maphunziro. Kale m'zaka za zana la XIX, vuto la kulekerera kwa kalasi limayambira. Makamaka, ntchito za Tolstoy "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere", "Tate ndi Ana" a Turgenev amatsimikizira izi, pamene zifukwa zazikulu za vuto la kulekerera zimafufuzidwa.

Malingana ndi zowerengeka

Kuchokera m'mabuku a zolemba zapamwamba wina angaphunzire zambiri za vuto la kulekerera. Mikangano yoperekedwa mu ntchitoyi ndi yofunikira ngakhale lero. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani nkhani yakuti "Ana a Pansi" (VG Korolenko). Wolembayo akufotokozera nkhani ya mnyamata wamng'ono Vasya, yemwe sankakhoza kumvetsa mu banja lake lomwe. Ngakhale kuti bambo ake anali ndi udindo wapamwamba m'madera, nthawi zonse anali yekha. Akakumana ndi Valk ndi Marusya. Amuna awa anali ochokera ku chikhalidwe chochepa kwambiri cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kotero zenizeni ziwiri za chikhalidwe zinagwedezeka, zomwe zinali zogwirizana kwambiri. Vasya anatha kuzindikira ndi kuvomereza ululu wa wina, adayamba kumvetsa bwino anthu akulu ndipo chifukwa cha ichi amatha kugwirizana ndi bambo ake.

Mu ntchitoyi, vuto la kusalinganizana pakati pa anthu ndiwomwe likuwululidwa, ndipo pamene padzakhala kulumikizidwa kwa anthu mmagulu, zidzakhala zofunikira.

Chitsanzo china chochokera ku mabuku owerengera akhoza kupezeka mu ntchito ya Tolstoy, "Kuyenda ndi Mphepo". Pano, makamaka, timalankhula za kulekerera kwa amuna ndi akazi, pamene mkazi amakhala wofanana. Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka zana ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri mphambu khumi ndi ziwiriyi, vutoli la kufanana lidafalikira, linayikidwa pamaziko a zolemba zambiri.

Vuto la kulekerera mwachisawawa likuwululidwa bwino mu ntchito "Sea Stories" (KM Stanyukovich). Akatswiri oyenda panyanja a ku Russia nthawi ina ankanyamula mnyamata wina wa ku America ndi ku America ndipo ankamuchitira chifundo ngakhale kuti anali ndi khungu.

Vutoli likuwonekera m'nkhani ya Leo Tolstoy "Mndende wa Caucasus." Lingaliro lalikulu limene wolembayo anayesa kufotokoza linali: "Palibe mitundu yabwino kapena yoipa, anthu abwino ndi oipa okha ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana."

Zolemba zolemba

Kuleza mtima kunali imodzi mwamasudzo omwe ankakonda a olemba a mtundu wina ndi mtundu wina. Osati m'mauveli, nkhani, kapena nkhani, vutoli limapezeka. Mwachitsanzo, mu nthano za Krylov, vuto la kupeza chiyanjano pakati pa ojambula ndi malingaliro osiyana ndiwonekera kwambiri. M'nthano "Swan, Cancer ndi Pike" amphona sanathe kusuntha ngolo, monga momwe aliyense ankachitira kale: Khansara inapita patsogolo, Swan inanyamuka, ndipo Pike adalumphira m'madzi, kotero "ikadalipo".

Mu nthano "Njovu ndi Moca" galu wamng'ono popanda chifukwa chowonekera amayamba kuphuka njovu akuyenda mwakachetechete, mmalo mopitirira kudutsa. Wina anganene kuti iyi ndi nkhani yosangalatsa ya ana, koma, kwenikweni, palinso chinthu china chobisika apa. Ngati tifanana ndi zochitika zina zamasiku ano, tikhoza kuona kuti ntchito yosavutayi ndi vuto la kulekerera. Nthaŵi zambiri mumsewu mungathe kukumana ndi anthu omwe amwano, odzikweza kapena osakondweretsa amavomereza maganizo awo kwa ena, anthu osadziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, zochitikazo: kampani ya alendo amafika ku tauni yapafupi. Malo awo okhala anali pafupi ndi siteshoni, kotero kuti kunalibe phindu kutenga teksi, ngakhale kuti anali ndi matumba ovuta. Koma pakuwoloka iwo anayamba kukambirana pakati pawo ponena kuti n'zovuta kupita ndi katundu wotero. Mkazi yemwe adadutsa pamenepo adamva mawu awa ndikufotokozera maganizo ake, akunena kuti "okwera" anali atafika ndipo sakanatha kutenga katundu.

Zomwezo sizomwe zikuchitika, koma ndizofanizira kwambiri kufanana ndi nthano yakuti "Njovu ndi Mzikiti".

Zanga ndi ena

Vuto la kulekerera m'nthano likuyimiridwa ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zimasonyezedwa m'nkhani za ana za Andersen ndi Pushkin, zikhoza kuwonedwa m'nkhani za Winnie the Pooh ndi Carlson. Zitsanzo za khalidwe lolekerera lingakhale ngati nyama zochokera ku Kipling ntchito "Mowgli".

Maganizo a vuto la kulekerera amapezeka mu ntchito iliyonse yachiwiri yolemba. Ngakhale m'nkhani za nkhondo kapena kuponderezedwa kwa ndale pali malo a munthu. Mwachitsanzo, tenga "Alpine Ballad" ndi V. Bykov. Zochitika za mbiri zikuchitika pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikhalidwe. Kuchokera kumsasa wa fascists kuthawa akaidi: Msirikali wa Russia Ivan ndi Julia, mtsikana wochokera ku Italy. Iwo anali ndi masiku atatu okha. Masiku atatu a ufulu wodikiridwa kwa nthawi yaitali, kuthamangitsidwa ndi moyo muzovuta kwambiri. Pamene fascists adagonjetsa othaŵa kwawo, Ivan adadziimba yekha payekha, zomwe adazilipira ndi moyo wake. Julia moyo wake wonse udakumbukira msilikali wolimba mtima. Nkhondoyo itatha, iye anapeza achibale ake ku Russia ndipo anawalembera za imfa ya Ivan. Ankafuna kulankhula za msilikali wophweka amene anapulumutsa munthu wosadziwika. Iwo sankadziwa nkomwe chinenero cha wina ndi mzake.

Apa tikufotokozera vuto lachisokonezo cha kulekerera. Maganizo ochokera m'mabuku omwe alembedwa mofanana amasonyeza tanthauzo lalikulu la kulekerera ndi umunthu. Wophunzirayo akanamvetsa khalidwe la protagonist ngati atetezera anthu ake. Koma apa panali Chiitaliya, omwe sanadziŵe nawo. Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani anachita izi? Protagonist sichigawanitsa anthu ku "Russia" ndi "osati a Russia" ndipo anangochita zomwe akanatha kuchita ngati pali wina wina ku Italy. Wolemba anayesera kusonyeza kuti palibe chinthu monga "cha mwini" ndi "cha wina", pali munthu wamba amene akusowa thandizo.

Chikondi mzere

Zovuta zosiyana ndizovuta kuvomereza ena mu buku la M. Sholokhov lachidziwitso Quiet Flows a Don. Pano, panthawi yovuta ya nkhondo yapachiŵeniweni, kulekerera kumawoneka ngati chinthu chosatheka, koma wolembayo akufotokozera zina "zosinthasintha" zomwe zili pampando wapamwamba kusiyana ndi misonkhano - ichi ndi chikondi.

Amphamvu a bukuli - Dunyasha Melekhova ndi Mishka Kosheva - amakondana. Koma panthawi ya kusintha, mabanja awo adayimilira kumbali, ndipo pamene nkhondo zonse zatha, Mishka Kosheva anali mdani wa banja la Dunyashka. Koma iwo ali mu chikondi, ndipo chikondi ichi chiri pamwamba pa misonkhano yonse. Makhalidwe abwino nthawi zonse amakhala pamwamba pa maganizo ndi ndale.

Kuchokera m'mawu ndi zochita

Kulekerera kulembedwa kwambiri, ndiko kuchita, zonse zimachitika mosiyana. Nkhani zokongola zokhuza anthu omwe ali ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana zimapezeka m'mabuku, koma osati mdziko lenileni. Makamaka, izi zikukhudza achinyamata.

Mavuto a kulekerera m'mabungwe a achinyamata amakwiyitsidwa, choyamba, ndi khalidwe losagwirizana ndi anthu komanso malonda. M'badwo woyamba ukuyamba nthawi zonse ndi devaysy yamakono ndipo kenaka china chirichonse. Makhalidwe akale akhala atayika kale. Tsiku lirilonse magulu atsopano a achinyamata ndi kayendedwe kamangidwe, chiwerengero cha mabungwe otsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chikukula. Mwachidule, m'magulu a achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe akulekerera tsopano "sakhala okongola."

Kusukulu, makamaka sukulu, lingaliro la kulekerera limaphunziridwa. Komabe, tanthawuzo silikupitirira. Monga momwe kafukufuku amasonyezera, mlingo wa kuvomereza kwa ena ukugwa. Mwinamwake, pa zolakwika zonse za kusowa kwa zitsanzo zabwino zomwe zingasonyeze momwe mungalekerere, mwinamwake ophunzira owerengeka amawerengera zachikhalidwe cha Chirasha. Komabe, posachedwa aliyense wa iwo ayenera kulemba ndemanga pa mutu wakuti "Vuto la kulekerera".

Ndipo izi zikhoza kukhala vuto lalikulu pamene palibe kumvetsetsa bwino kwa vutoli, ndipo ndondomeko ndi ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito.

Polemba nkhaniyo "Vuto la Kupirira", zotsutsana ndi zolembedwa ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati maziko opanga zofanana ndi zochitika m'dziko lamakono. Kapenanso, mungathe kufotokozera mwachidule ntchitoyo ndi kufotokoza chifukwa chake maganizo ake ali ovomerezeka. Njira yachiwiri ndi yophweka, koma mwachitsanzo timayesera kuphatikiza njira ziwiri zolembera zokhazokha.

Chitsanzo cha zolemba

"Mwina posakhalitsa anthu adzakhala mwamtendere wina ndi mzake kuti akhalebe ndi mtendere wolimba kwa alendo. Koma izi sizidzachitika msanga, ngakhale kuti pali zofunikira zenizeni za kusinthaku - chiwerengero chochepa cha kulekerera pakati pa anthu. Tsopano mukuyenera kufanana ndi mawu oti "chizolowezi".

Ngati pali chinachake chosiyana mwa munthu, sangathe kum'tengera ku gulu, gulu, kapena poipa - kumuchotsa. Monga heroine kuchokera m'nkhani ya L. Ulitskaya "Mwana wamkazi wa Bukhara", Mila. Msungwanayo ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome kuyambira ali mwana. Amakulira ndi amayi ake ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zonse kuti asangalatse mtsikanayo. Koma malingaliro kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zosowa zapadera m'dera ndi osayanjanitsika, ndipo ngati ali ndi mwayi, amavomereza.

"Zizindikiro zosiyana" ndi "zopanda phindu za anthu" ndizochepa chabe zomwe mlembiyo adalongosola momwe anthu amachitira "anthu ena". Pazifukwa zina amakhulupirira kuti anthu oterewa alibe ufulu wochitira chifundo, kulemekeza kapena kumvetsetsa.

Koma pali anthu omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zina, zosiyana. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira buku la Tolstoy la nkhondo ndi mtendere. Pulezidenti Pierre Bezukhov sagwirizana ndi anthu onse. Ndipo apa sizinthu zochuluka zokhuza zake monga za khalidwe. Iye ndi waumphawi, wosasunthika ndi wophweka mtima. Tsegulani kudziko ndipo muli okoma mtima. Koma pamene iye ali wodzikonda ndi wonyenga, iye ndi mlendo.

Ndipo mu dziko lamakono, pafupifupi pa sitepe iliyonse pali zofanana. Mnyamatayo anafika pangozi ndipo adalumala, tsopano sagwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu pamene akukula. Pakapita nthawi, abwenzi akale amasiya, amayamba kunyalanyaza ndi kusokoneza ena. Tsopano iye ndi wolumala, wachabechabe membala wa anthu. Msungwana yemwe amakonda kuwerenga mabuku, samayang'ana TV ndipo kawirikawiri amayendera pa intaneti, amamvekanso maonekedwe a anzake.

Zinthu ngati zimenezi zimapangitsa munthu kuganizira ngati anthu angatchedwe anthu atasiya mtundu wawo kuchokera kudziko lawo popanda kuwawa ndi chisoni. Kulekerera kumatanthauza kukhala munthu. Ndipo mwa ichi, aliyense akhoza kupambana ngati atangopereka ena monga momwe angafunire kuti azichitiridwa. "

Vuto la kulekerera ndi lovuta kumvetsa. Ikhoza kuwuka m'magawo osiyanasiyana ndi moyo. Ndipo kufotokozera zonsezi pamwambapa, tikhoza kuzindikira zotsatirazi: kulekerera ndi umunthu. Ndipo umunthu ndi chinthu china choposa kupambana ndi kudzikonda nokha monga iwo, popanda kuchepetsa kufunikira kwake ndi kutaya umoyo wawo.