Zamoyo chikhalidwe cha munthu; zinthu ndiponso achita

N'zovuta kunena pamene ine kunayambitsa funso lakuti zikamera ndi mapangidwe munthu. Yokhudza nkhaniyi anzeru akuluakulu akale, ndipo m'nthawi yathu. Monga anthu akufotokozera? Kodi n'zotheka kuunikila muyezo wina ndi magawo a ndondomeko?

Society monga dongosolo limodzi

Aliyense kukhala pa dziko thupi zosiyana, zomwe amakhala ndi magawo ena a chitukuko, mwachitsanzo kubadwa, kukula ndi imfa. Komabe, wina kulibe kwayekha. zamoyo ambiri amakonda kukhala m'magulu, imene kucheza ndi zimakhudza wina ndi mzake.

Man - yotero. Kugwirizana pa maziko a makhalidwe ofanana, zokonda ndi zochita, anthu kupanga anthu. Mkati kupanga ena miyambo, malamulo, maziko. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu onse a anthu ndi zogwirizana ndi modalirana. Choncho, akufotokozera wonse.

kusanduka Social zikutanthauza tumphatumpha, tinganene kuti anthu ku gawo lina. Kusintha khalidwe ndi mfundo za munthu opatsirana ndipo umasamutsidwa ku anthu onse lonse mu mawonekedwe a malamulo. Choncho, anthu amayenda siteji kwa States, kuchokera kusonkhanitsa kwa patsogolo luso, ndi zina zotero. D.

kusanduka Social: chiphunzitso loyamba

Chikhalidwe ndi dongosolo la kusanduka chikhalidwe nthawi zonse kutanthauziridwa mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale mu nzeru zapamwamba XIV m'ma Ibn Khaldun ankaona kuti anthu kusiyana ndendende monga munthu. Poyamba, iye amabadwa, kenako kukula zazikulu, maluwa. Pamenepo adadzanso kuchepa ndi imfa.

Mu nyengo za maphunziro limodzi mfundo yaikulu inali mfundo ya "nkhani stadial" wa anthu. anzeru Scottish ponena kuti anthu limaukitsidwa mu magawo anayi a patsogolo:

• kusonkhana ndi kusaka,
• pastoralism ndi nomadism,
• ulimi, ulimi,
• malonda.

Mu XIX atumwi ku Europe alipo woyamba mfundo kusanduka. mawuwo ali Latin kuti "analamula". Ndi chiphunzitso cha mwapang'onopang'ono mitundu zovuta zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa unicellular chamoyo kudzera masinthidwe maselo a ana ake.

Lingaliro la mapangidwe zovuta kwa losavuta zinadzazitola akatswiri ndi a nzeru zapamwamba, kuganizira mfundo imeneyi kwa tsiku ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, KATSWIRI Lewis Morgan wolemekezeka magawo atatu a anthu akale: nkhanza, nkhanza ndi chitukuko.

kusanduka Social amaona ngati kupitiriza mapangidwe mitundu kwachilengedwenso. Ndi siteji yotsatira pambuyo kuoneka sapiens Homo. Choncho, Lester Ward anamutenga sitepe zachirengedwe chitukuko cha dziko lathu pambuyo cosmogenesis ndi biogenesis.

Man ngati kuchokera ku zinthu zina chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe

Evolution kwachititsa kuti zikamera a mitundu yonse ndi chiwerengero cha zamoyo padziko lapansili. Koma chifukwa anthu asamukira akutali ena? chakuti limodzi ndi kusintha thupi ntchito ndi zinthu zokhudza kusanduka.

Njira choyamba kwa socialization sanachite ngakhale anthu ndi nyani, kutola zipangizo. Pang'onopang'ono luso akweza, ndi kale zaka miliyoni zapitazo, pali munthu imathandiza, amene amagwira ntchito zida mu moyo wanu.

Komabe, chiphunzitso cha ntchito monga mbali yofunika sagwirizana ndi sayansi yamakono. Chinthu ichi wachita zinthu molumikizana ndi ena, monga zoganiza zake, zolankhula kucheza ndi ng'ombe, kenako m'deralo. Kale zaka miliyoni zikuoneka Homo erectus - kuloŵedwa m'malo a sapiens Homo. Iye osati amagwiritsa komanso umabala zipangizo, amayatsa moto, akamaphika chakudya kulankhula achikale.

Udindo wa anthu ndi chikhalidwe mu zamoyo wa

miliyoni zaka zapitazo, chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe zamoyo wa munthu chikuchitika mu kufanana. Komabe, zaka 40 zikwi zapitazo, kusintha kwachilengedwenso m'mbuyo mayendedwe anu. Cro-Magnons musati amasiyana ife mwa maonekedwe awo. Kuyambira chiyambi awo amasewera yofunika zinthu zokhudza kusanduka anthu.

matchalitchi lagawidwa magawo atatu waukulu patsogolo chikhalidwe. Woyamba amakhala ndi maonekedwe a luso mu mawonekedwe a zojambula thanthwe. Chotsatira ndi kuweta ndi kuswana nyama, komanso ntchito pa ulimi ndi apiculture. Mbali yachitatu ndiyo nyengo patsogolo luso ndi sayansi. Imayamba ndi atumwi XV ndipo komabe nthawi zonse.

Ndi munthu aliyense latsopano kumawonjezera nthawi ya ulamuliro wake ndi chikoka pa chilengedwe. mfundo zofunika za zamoyo zinangokhalako zokha, mudzachitira sidelined. Mwachitsanzo, masoka kusankha, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu "sifting" anthu ofooka, si choncho otchuka. Zikomo kuti ntchito zachipatala zapita patsogolo ndi munthu ofooka angapitirizebe kukhala anthu masiku ano.

Chiphunzitso chakale cha chitukuko

Imodzi ndi ntchito za Lamarck ndi Darwin pa chiyambi cha moyo zikuoneka chiphunzitso evolutionism. Anauziridwa ndi lingaliro la kusintha mosalekeza ndi patsogolo-zamoyo, anzeru European amakhulupirira kuti pali chilinganizo aliwonse amene amapezeka kusanduka chikhalidwe cha munthu.

Munthu woyamba kuika patsogolo malingaliro awo Ogyust Kont. Anatchula zamulungu (wosazindikira, pulayimale), akamabadwa ndi zabwino (sayansi, wapamwamba) siteji ya chitukuko cha maganizo ndi mtima.

Gululi chiphunzitso chakale anali Spencer, Durkheim, Ward, Morgan ndi tenesi. maganizo awo kumasiyana, koma pali chakudyacho ambiri, amene anapanga maziko a chiphunzitso:

• Anthu amapezeka kuti gulu limodzi, ndi kusintha kwake chilengedwe ndi zofunikira;
• kusanduka chikhalidwe cha anthu amapezeka chabe ku wosazindikira kwa kwambiri otukuka, ndi mapazi ake osati mobwerezabwereza;
• zikhalidwe zonse akupanga mzere lonse, magawo ali chimodzimodzi kwa onse;
• anthu akale pa siteji yotsatira kwa zinthu, iwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphunzira anthu wosazindikira.

Kukana mfundo za Agiriki

Achikondi zikhulupiriro za kusintha azilandira anthu kupita ku chiyambi cha XX atumwi. World mavuto ndi nkhondo yokakamiza asayansi talongosola mwatsatanetsatane zimene zikuchitika. Ganizo patsogolo amaona ndi wosakhazikika. Mbiri ya anthu Zikuoneka kuti salinso liniya, koma cyclical.

Malingaliro a Oswald Spengler, Arnolda Toynbi kumeneko analankhula nzeru za Ibn Khaldun wa magawo mobwerezabwereza mu moyo wa chitukuko. Childs, iwo kudziwa anayi:

• kubadwa
• adzauka,
• kukhwima
• imfa.

Choncho, Spengler ankakhulupirira kuti pamatenga pafupifupi 1000 zaka chibadwire kuwonongeka chikhalidwe. Lev Gumilyov anawapatsa zaka 1,200. chitukuko Western imatengedwa kukhala pafupi ndi kufooka achilengedwe. Otsatira masukulu "amenewa" anali Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, Pitirim Sorokin, Vilfredo Pareto , ndi zina zotero. D.

Neoevolutionism

Man ngati kuchokera ku zinthu zina chikhalidwe kamodzinso amapezeka mu nzeru ya theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi. Titalandira umboni sayansi ndi umboni wa Anthropology, mbiri, ethnography, Lesli Uayt ndi Dzhulian Styuard anayamba chiphunzitso cha Wachiwiri-evolutionism.

The siachilendo ndi kupanga liniya chakale, mosalekeza ndi Mipikisano mzere chitsanzo. Asayansi kukana akuti "kutukuka" mu lingaliro ake. Akukhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe si tumphani mu chitukuko, koma penapake yekha zovuta poyerekeza ndi m'mbuyomu mawonekedwe kusintha ndondomeko amapezeka bwino kwambiri.

Anayambitsa Lesli Uayt chiphunzitso mbali yaikulu kusanduka chikhalidwe amachotsa chikhalidwe, kupereka chida chake chachikulu anatengera anthu chilengedwe. Iye amabweretsa mfundo mphamvu, chimene kuchuluka kwa mphamvu chimakula ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe. Motero, iye analankhula za magawo atatu a chitukuko cha anthu: ulimi, mafuta ndi maphatikizidwe.

Postidustrialnaya ndi chiphunzitso mudziwe

Pamodzi ndi malingaliro ena m'zaka za m'ma XX, pali lingaliro la anthu positi-mafakitale. The chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso Tingaone mu ntchito za Bell, Toffler ndi Brzezinski. Daniel Bell allocates mbewu atatu mapangidwe sitepe, Chofanana enaake chitukuko ndi kupanga (onani. Table).

Postindustrial gawo ntchito kwa onse m'ma XIX ndi theka lachiwiri la XX. Malinga ndi Bell, mbali yake yaikulu ndi kusintha khalidwe la moyo, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi chonde. Udindo wa chidziwitso ndi sayansi ukuwonjezeka. chuma lolunjika pa ulimi wa misonkhano ndi zimene zimachitika pakati pa munthu ndi mnzake.

Monga mbali ya chiphunzitso ichi pali maganizo a anthu mudziwe, omwe ali mbali ya nyengo pambuyo mafakitale. "Infosphere" zimasokoneza monga gawo osiyana zachuma, chimakankhira ngakhale gawo utumiki.

Pakuti anthu mudziwe amakhala ndi kuwonjezeka infospetsialistov, yogwira ntchito wailesi, TV ndi pa zinthu zina. The zotheka zotsatira za chitukuko akutali a wamba mudziwe malo, zikamera wa e-demokalase, boma ndi boma, mofulumira lathunthu la umphawi ndi ulova.

Pomaliza

kusanduka Social ndi ndondomeko ya kusintha ndi kukhazikitsanso anthu amene chingasinthe qualitatively, ndipo kumasiyana ndi mawonekedwe m'mbuyomu. Pali chilinganizo wamkulu ndondomeko imeneyi. Monga milandu zonse, malingaliro a anzeru ndi asayansi amatsutsa.

Aliyense chiphunzitso ali peculiarities chake ndi zosiyana, koma ife tikhoza kuwona kuti iwo onse ndi zamoyo zina zazikulu zitatu:

• mbiri chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi cyclical, iwo kudutsa magawo angapo, anabadwa kwa imfa;
• Anthu ikusintha mitundu yosavuta changwiro choposa, zonse kuwongolera;
• chitukuko cha anthu ndi zotsatira za anatengera kwa malo kunja, izo zimasiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu, ndi optionally zonse kuposa maonekedwe m'mbuyomu.