Ndi katswiri ndi ndani? malo ake a ntchito ndi chiyani? Kodi sayansi ya ornithology

Ornithology Bwaloli ndi limodzi mwa nthambi ya zinyama ambiri. Iye anadzipereka kuphunzira mbalame, taxonomy awo, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, kubalana. Timaphunziranso yogawa Hrs ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa nyama.

mwachidule

akuti linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mochedwa 16 m'ma Italy zachilengedwe W. Aldrovani. Limatanthauza "ornithology" mu Greek likumasuliridwa kuphunzira mbalame (λόγος -word, ziphunzitso ndi ὄρνιθος - mbalame). Choncho, zikuonekeratu kuti zimenezi "ntchito za katswiri wa." Imodzi mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za kafukufuku ndi kwa dongosolo mitundu chiwerengero cha nyama zosiyanasiyana, ndi gulu lawo. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi nkhani ya chitetezo cha mitundu osowa. Palinso osiyana zapaderazi - dokotala katswiri. Ntchito iyi ikukhudza mankhwala a mitundu avian, kuphatikizapo anthu ili pa nkhani kwanu.

maofesi kafukufuku

Mbalame ndi gulu la inakhala, dzira-atagona, nthenga, magazi ofunda nyama. forelimbs awo naperekanso mu mawonekedwe a mapiko. Kapangidwe wapadera wa thupi amalola nyama kuwuluka. Komabe, masiku ano pali mitundu yambirimbiri ya mbalame flightless. Chinthu chapadera ndi pamaso pa mulomo mbalame. Malinga akuti ornithologists lero pali zoposa 9800 mitundu ya mbalame. Pafupifupi 600 mitundu kufalitsidwa m'dziko lonse la Russia. Chifukwa cha mbalame zochuluka chotero amaonedwa gulu ambiri ziweto superclass. Nyama anthu onse a m'mayiko a Dziko Lapansi, Antarctica komanso. Munthu ambiri a mbalame zazing'ono imatengedwa kuti ndi mbalame ija yotchedwa hummingbird njuchi (kukula kwake ndi za 5,7 cm). Membala waukulu wa kalasi ndi ndi nthiwatiwa African (akula 270 cm). The kholo la mbalame ano amaona Archeopteryx (tinkakhala za 150 miliyoni. Zaka zapitazo) ndi maniraptorovye zinyamazi (pafupifupi 80 mln. Zaka zapitazo). Magulu a mbalame kuti alipo lero ndi infraclass veerohvostyh. Nayenso, ali m'magulu 2: mbalame flightless (ratites) ndi mitundu ina (neognathae).

Mwachidule Chiyambi Chawo

ndi katswiri ndi ndani? Pamene munthu woyamba anayamba kufufuza mbalame? Chiyambi cha chitukuko cha sayansi, Aristotle anaika. Iye ndiye anali woyamba inayamba kulinganiza mitundu imeneyo. Aristotle ankakhala IV. BC. e. Adalenga ntchito "Pa mbali ya nyama" ndi "Pa mwambo wa nyama." Ntchito pa iwo wakale wasayansi Greek anatchula mtundu osiyana mbalame, polongosola mmene thupi ndi moyo wa 160 mtundu wawo. Gawo ili Aristotelian sanali wangwiro, koma sanasinthe mpaka m'ma 17. Only mu 1676 Frensis Villoubi (English zamoyo) adalenga pamanja "Ornithologiae libri Tres" imene inafalitsidwa atamwalira wasayansi John Ray. Pambuyo pafupifupi zaka, mu 1758, chaka, kulimbika Willoughby anapeza kupitiriza ake mu lonena wotchuka "Systema Naturae" Karla Linneya. Swedish zachilengedwe anagawira nyama malinga ndi magulu masanjidwe ndipo anapanga nomenclature binomial ndi mayina mitundu. Malinga ndi gulu la mbalame zonse m'magulu asanu, zimene zinaphatikizapo 554 zachilengedwe 78 genera akhalipo. systematization izi (pafupifupi zikutsatiridwa) ntchito lero. Linnaeus nayenso anayamba njira ornitofenologii ntchito mu kafukufuku wa mbalame ataliatali. mfundo zonse osnorvnuyu za mbalame kuti nthawi mwachidule katswiri ndi wolemba Buffon. Amagwira ntchito inafalitsidwa mu mabuku khumi a "History of Birds". Kuyambira pamenepo, zonse za mbalame izi, ikufotokoza katswiri. Kodi asayansi, kuti asonkhanitse zofunika? Pa - pa.

njira zofufuzira

Ndani katswiri lero? Mu malo oyamba - ndi akuona. Njira imodzi angakwanitse kuphunzira mbalame zamoyo, makhalidwe awo ndi moyo mwa ambiri kuyang'aniridwa. Iwo amachita ndi apoyera. Koma monga ulamuliro, kuwapatsa zipangizo zina zapadera ntchito. Ndipotu, amene ndi katswiri? Ichi ndi chithunzi sayansi, makamaka. Ofufuzawa ntchito kanema makamera, makamera, zoyang'anira ndi zambiri. Tikumbukenso kuti kuonerera - izo siziri wapadera wa akatswiri. Lero ndi chizolowezi chofala kwambiri. Penyetsetsani amatilola kukhwimitsa kuonetsetsa amateteza nyama osowa. Kuwonjezera anayendera zithunzi, mbalame komanso kumvetsera. Nthawi zambiri, zimenezi mfundo kuposa kuonerera lapansi.

crossfeed

N'chiyani chimapangitsa katswiri kuwutsata ndi migrations a mbalame? Banding - njira za kafukufuku ornithological - ntchito zaka zoposa zana. Thumba mbalame kuvala zotayidwa wapadera kapena pulasitiki (yowala mtundu) mphete wapansi. Nthawi zina pa chipangizo ndi affixed chiwerengero siriyo. banding njira limakupatsani kudziwa nyengo kusamuka maulendo a mitundu mbalame, kuti malo aliyense yofunika. Komanso, mbalame akhoza kukhala onyamula matenda osiyanasiyana. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kutsatira maulendo ntchito banding njira n'kofunika makamaka. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, anthu ena, mopitirira pafupifupi chiwerengero cha anthu. Ntchito pamlingo wadziko lonse ndi mgwirizano Komiti mayiko a mumafuna muziyamba kuchapa ndi gawo ake European (Euringom), anapanga mu 1962 katswiri Echekoparom ku Paris. N'kofunika Euringa chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku wa kugwirizana kwa njira kusonkhanitsa, processing ndi kusunga.

Tanthauzo yeniyeni ya sayansi

umoyo mbalame, gulu, kusamuka, kuchuluka, kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, - Mwachidule, onse kuphunzira katswiri, n'kofunika makamaka chuma masiku ano. Chifukwa imathamanga kuchuluka ndi kukula voliyumu ya magalimoto, wodutsa magalimoto chawonjezeka kwambiri chiwerengero cha mwansanga a ndege ndi mbalame. Mu njira ya chitukuko cha bwinja m'madera anthu anakhala pafupipafupi kukhudzana ndi toyesa nthenga, ambiri amene ali ndi matenda oopsa monga ziweto ndi anthu. Komanso, kusaka zitsulo muyenera kulosera zonse ndi ulamuliro wa kusamuka ndipo chiwerengero cha mbalame.

Chitukuko cha sayansi

Kubwerera ku funso la amene ndi katswiri, tikhoza kunena kuti lero kwenikweni katswiri amene ntchito amafuna kudziwa osati munda wa zamoyo. Pa gawo lino la kusamala ndi zachilengedwe a mbalame amatipeza kumafuna mgwirizano padziko lonse kubweretsa pamodzi ofufuza ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira mu 1963, chaka misonkhano pamene pali nthumwi za akuluakulu ndege ndi ornithologists. Mu chitukuko cha sayansi monga kale, ndi tsopano, mgwirizano padziko lonse ndi yofunika kwambiri.

ornithology lero

Panopa, padziko lonse pali malo apadera kwa mabungwe maphunziro. Komanso, lofalitsidwa mazana awiri magazini zoyenera kupita patsogolo atsopano m'munda wa ornithology. Kuyenera ananena kuti mbali ya buku ili mwangwiro sayansi, ndi zina - khalidwe la chilengedwe komanso otchuka. Anatinso mabuku m'dziko, amatchedwa mbalame wotchuka ameneyu. Mwachitsanzo, amapita «Journal ubweya Ornithologie» mu England mu 1852 anafalitsa buku loyamba «mbalame», mu Germany kuyambira 1857, chaka. Mu woyang'anira ntchito za maphunziro ndi zofunika ornithological alimi ambiri amene ntchito ku cha m'ma lomaliza.