Mossbauer kuti: zotsatira za anapeza ndi tanthauzo lake

likulankhula nkhani zimene Mossbauer kwenikweni. Komanso anafotokoza mfundo monga milingo kwadzidzidzi mphamvu mu atomu ndi phata atomiki, olimba ndi quasiparticle gulu m'menemo.

masamu zosangalatsa

A yojambula mu sayansi zimene zinachitika mu khumi zoyambirira za mazana makumi awiri, asayansi anafuna kudziwa kwambiri masamu. zinthu zambiri zakhala kudzipatula, titero, pa nsonga ya cholembera: poyamba anali masamu theoretically ndipo anapeza kuchita.

Mwachitsanzo, kuli mafunde yokoka yotsutsana ndi Einstein mu 1910, anatha kutsimikiza experimentally yekha mu 2016. Pophatikizana a nyenyezi ziwiri nyutironi walenga danga inagwedezeka kuti lapadziko sayansi agwidwe ndi kuliika mwa kutsegula nthawi ya miyeso yokoka mu sayansi ya anthu. Nzosadabwitsa yokoka otchulidwa pano: kutanthauza kuti maphunziro amenewa ndi Mossbauer zotsatira phindu. Koma izi kupatulapo osati lamulo. Nthawi zambiri, theorists ndi experimenters mwatsatane pa zidendene mzake, kuphunzira limodzi wafunsira kufunika malongosoledwe ake masamu, ndipo siili mapeto wobwezera kopanda latsopano, sanalandirebe dependencies. zotsatira Mössbauer anali mmodzi wa zochitika zimenezi. Amenewa "mbali" chodabwitsa ndi kopanda ndi Max Planck anasonyeza kumapeto kwa 1900. Iwo adati kuti dziko la ma elekitironi ndi mtima atomiki, zedi zonse zitha kutenga mfundo apawokha, kuti ndi quantized. Ndipo, mu maganizo ake, iyo inali chabe tsenga la masamu, amene anapanga kuwerengetsa mosavuta. Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake ankakhulupirira kuti kwadzidzidzi, kapena laling'ono zotheka gawo la Mwachitsanzo, kuwala - njira yokhayo basi abwino kufotokoza, osati onyamula lalikulu kuthupi.

Dziko kwadzidzidzi

Komabe, akatswiri ena chidwi pofotokoza chokwanira cha zimene zikuchitika padziko lonse maatomu, ankaona angathe pozindikira zimenezi, mbaenda mokhazikika kuti chirichonse chiri quantized. The ma elekitironi padziko phata la kokha pa ena m'mipita mtima okha angathe milingo mphamvu yeniyeni. Akulumphalumpha therebetween, mtima kupanga Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. zotsatira Mossbauer ananena kuti zochita uyenera ngati kubwerera, koma izi sizichitika. Nthawi zambiri, zedi zonse pofotokoza khalidwe la nanoworld imvera quantization - kuti ndi apawokha. Koma musaiwale kuti patsogolo kuti mu macrocosm limeneli yatchulidwa kuti tinachita mlingo wa Misa particles pulayimale ndi chinachake mwapadera, kutanthauza kuti nayenso ali quantized. Kotero kuti lipoti sayansi zimene Maks thabwa anachokera chilinganizo wake wotchuka kuti muli phindu H, kapena zotsatira kochepa, anatsegula m'nyengo yatsopano. Ichi chinali nyengo ya kwadzidzidzi sayansi. Mossbauer tingati kutanthauzira, umene pambuyo pake kuti zodabwitsazi, akhala m'modzi wa zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri za sayansi zaka mazana makumi awiri.

Kupezeka kwa Mössbauer zotsatira

Monga taonera pamwambapa, pozindikira ongolankhula anapita dzanja ndi dzanja wina ndi zimenezo. Zinthu zina zothandiza anazitsimikizira pa zomera anasonkhana limatanthauza "pa bondo" ndi zida zidutswa. Asayansi akwanitsa osati kusonyeza kachitidwe, komanso kusindikiza botolo, kudula thabwa ntchito ndi zitsulo ndi kusonkhanitsa unsembe. Kumene, mutu wa Laboratories yekha mwachidule zotsatira za Zipatalazo awo. Komabe, aliyense experimenter analinso katswiri, monga zipangizo apangidwa zolinga zenizeni, ndipo mwachindunji mu ndondomeko kafukufuku. Ndinali nazonso ndi Mossbauer kwenikweni. Inayambira izo sizikanakhala chichitike ngati wouma digirii Rudolf Mossbauer sanasinthe njira kuyeza unit yozizira, m'malo Kutentha, monga analangizidwa ndi woyang'anira maphunziro.

olimba

Chiphunzitso, zomwe ife tinena owerenga mu gawo limeneli, zikuoneka bwino pa koyamba. Komabe, ngati ziri zodziwika bwino, zosavuta nthawi zonse amakwaniritsa khama kwambiri. Ndipo kotero ife tiri tsopano mungathe kunena mawu osavuta zimene Mossbauer zotsatira kwa Dummies kwenikweni, kamodzi anagwira ntchito choyezera lonse.

Mu olimba nthawi kutanthauza chinthu boma crystalline. The mtima maatomu Pankhaniyi kupanga okhwima nthawi latisi, pamene ma elekitironi amakhala osiyana mwachidule. Ndithudi, zitsulo timibulu anapanga kwenikweni zachitsulo chomangira imene phata kulibe monga kupatukana ma elekitironi zowombetsa mkota. The elekitironi mtambo amakhala ndi malamulo ake ufulu osati powasamalira khalidwe la latisi krustalo. timibulu zimene azipereka kwambiri miyambo amaayoni ndi covalent kumangidwa, ma elekitironi tikamayesetsa kwambiri ndi "awo" mtima. Koma pali ufulu kusamukira pakati pa mfundo oyandikana kuposa mu mpweya kapena madzi.

katundu akonzedwa olimba osati zinthu zimachitikira amene ali nawo, komanso zodabwitsa za makonzedwe a maatomu wachibale wina ndi mzake. Mu Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za eg mpweya amapanga graphite zofewa, ndi zina - nkhani yakula zachilengedwe - diamondi. Chotero kodi mtundu kugwirizana ndi chosokonekera selo wagawo zikutanthauza kwambiri kwa thupi okhwima. The zimatha olimba ndipo ndi Kuwulura chimene Mossbauer kwenikweni. chikhalidwe Chake chafotokozedwa motere: onse maatomu mu olimba imakhudzana.

quasiparticles losonkhanitsidwa

Tiyerekezenso mokwanira lalikulu atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena latisi. Pakuti chitsanzo mchere ambiri abwino: Na ndi CL zili mfundo za cubes, ndi akutiakuti. Ngati mwanjira akathyole atomu imodzi ndi kukokera kuti aswe malo kabwerebwere wa bwino, chifukwa kugwirizana mokwanira okhwima, pambuyo anakoka oyandikana maatomu. Asayansi kusonyeza kuti kusintha mu malo a pakati ali osachepera amadza iliyonse yaikulu pa anzawo dongosolo lachitatu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati "akathyole" sodium, ankamtsata anakoka loyandikana maatomu chlorine, maatomu ndi sodium kumutsatira imodzi yakumapeto kwenikweni, polumikizirana wosanjikiza chlorine. Zotsatira za izi ndiye kuti anawonjezera mbali zonse. Nthawi zambiri anati wachinayi-kuti perturbation oyandikana nawo negligible. Komabe, iwo sali ziro.

Choncho, ngati mwanjira "kugogoda" galasi wamphamvu (mwachitsanzo, kutumiza iye laser kapena elekitironi mtanda), ndi galasi latisi adzatero "mafunde". Chotero kayendedwe gulu pamene ambiri oyandikana maatomu mu galasi ndi imodzi kuloza kumva, mwachitsanzo, kapena uko, zotchedwa phonons. Mukhozanso kulongosola zimene Mossbauer zotsatira kwa dummies, sikuti tidzapita ku mfundo ndi ndingokuuzani inu kuti phonons anapezeka kuti zinthu particles monga pulayimale. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zawo ndi quantized, ali nazo timaganiza patsogolo ndipo amatha kucheza ndi mzake. Choncho, phonons amatchedwa quasiparticles losonkhanitsidwa. chiwerengero chawo ndi khalidwe la thupi olimba wapatsidwa dongosolo limene zidzachitika. Kuwerengetsa zingakhale, kudziwa kukula, chosokonekera ndi mitundu ya maatomu selo unit. Pa zosayembekezereka ya phonon kusokoneza m'litali ndi mtundu kumangidwa pakati pa ayoni mu latisi krustalo.

chiphunzitso gulu

Popeza olimba mwachidule ma elekitironi ake onse, ndi orbitals (choncho mphamvu zawo) ayeneranso zowombetsa mkota. Choyamba, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ma elekitironi a kalasi ya particles otchedwa fermions. Fermi, Dirac ndi Pauli pamodzi anapeza kuti boma munthu akhoza kuyimba imodzi yokha ngati tinthu. Ngati tibwerera ku chitsanzo cha salt, aliyense Krustalo, zomwe ife kuwaza msuzi kapena nyama chikukhudza ndalama zosaneneka za soda ndi mankhwala enaake ayoni. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali ndi nambalayi wa ma elekitironi, amene atembenuza pa zili m'njira zofanana. Kodi zimenezi zingatheke bwanji? A olimba ukatuluka mwa zinthu motere: mphamvu iliyonse elekitironi makina mozungulira phata la, pang'ono losiyana ndi ma elekitironi ena mphamvu za thupi kanjira womwewo wa atomu wina. Choncho analandira: mu galasi alipo milingo mphamvu kwambiri zomwe amasiyana mzake mokwanira yaing'ono kupanga malo wothinikizidwa. The perturbations omwe timathandiza phonons yaing'ono chifukwa atomu ranges si amphamvu kwambiri. Onse zinthu chisonyezo gulu lonse. Choncho, phonon mphamvu, titero "kusungunuka" m'dera la mphamvu. Kuchokera pa ichi ndi Mossbauer kwenikweni.

mu atomu lonse

Kayendedwe ka particles mlandu limodzi ndi munda mu atomu. Zimenezi amaika Mwachitsanzo, n'chifukwa chiyani dziko limodzi ndi makina kukhala nawo, pamene ena - ayi. mafunde mu atomu akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu makalasi malinga pafupipafupi awo choncho, mphamvu. makhalidwe awiri awa inakula ndi kudalira timaganiza za. Kodi Mossbauer kungathandize mwachidule, malinga owerenga amadziwa kumene mu atomu lonse lili Popanga madzi a gamma cheza. Choncho, kutsegula airwaves lonse. Theoretically kuchepetsa timaganiza awo - miyeso chilengedwe. Komabe, mphamvu cheza zoterezi angakhale ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti ndi kosatheka kulembetsa. pafupipafupi pang'ono apamwamba mu terahertz cheza. Komabe, ndi mphepo kodi anaona zinthu zenizeni kwambiri: chopinga wa ma elekitironi m'munda maginito, flexural Phokoso la ma polima, kayendedwe ka excitons mu olimba. More bwino mbali ina ya sipekitiramu mu atomu - ndi cheza infuraredi. Ndi kuika mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a kutentha. mphamvu ngakhale apamwamba kuwala kuwoneka. Gawo la sipekitiramu kuti maso athu akuona ochepa poyerekeza ndi sikelo lonse.

Red kuwala ali ndi mphamvu wotsikitsitsa, ndi lofiirira - Mwambamwamba. Pa nkhani imeneyi, amadziwika chododometsa: madzi ozizira kwambiri imaonekera mu buluu, amene mphamvu ndi apamwamba kuposa kuwala kofiira. Zotsatirazi kuti ultraviolet gawo lonse mu atomu kale pafupipafupi mokwanira mkulu kudutsa mu olimba. Ngakhale kuti anthu, ngati zamoyo zina padziko lathuli, sakuzindikira kuwala kufunika kwake kwa uziyenda bwino kwa zinthu kwachilengedwenso ndi zoopsa. Ndiwo kuphunzira ultraviolet ndi dzuwa. Apamwamba mphamvu ndiponso luso kudutsa zinthu zambiri ali X-ray. Gwero la cheza chimenecho ndicho deceleration wa ma elekitironi m'minda mu atomu. The ma elekitironi ukhoza kukhala womangidwa, i.e. a maatomu ndi ufulu. Zipangizo zachipatala zipangizo ndi ma elekitironi ufulu. Pomaliza, kuzisiya ndi ambiri yochepa yoweyula ndi Popanga madzi a gamma cheza.

X-ray ndi Popanga madzi a gamma

Mossbauer zotsatira ndipo tanthauzo lake mu sayansi ndi zomangamanga ayenera kusiyanitsa cheza Popanga madzi a gamma ndi X-ray. Ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi moyenera, oti timaganiza ali osiyanasiyana kwambiri alipo. Ndiko kuti, pali Popanga madzi a gamma ndi X-ray ndi timaganiza za 5 picometres. njira zosiyanasiyana kukonzekera awo. Monga tanena pamwambapa, X-cheza kumachitika pamene deceleration wa ma elekitironi. Komanso, ena njira (kuphatikizapo nyukiliya) Mwamsanga elekitironi ku chipolopolo lamkati mokwanira katundu atomu, monga ureniamu. Komabe, ma elekitironi ena amakonda kutenga malo ake. kusintha zimenezi, ndi kukhala gwero la X-ray. Popanga madzi a gamma cheza ndizo zotsatira za phata la kusintha kwa boma apamwamba okondwa. cheza uyu ali ndi luso mkulu ozama ndi ionizes maatomu amene interacts. M'menemo pamene Popanga madzi a gamma ray collides ndi phata la atomu, payenera kukhala otchedwa kickback. Komabe, kuchita kunapezeka kuti anzake a Popanga madzi a gamma cheza ndi phata la atomu a thupi okhwima, mmene akusowa. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti mphamvu zina, monga ngati "topaka" ndi magulu a pakompyuta a krustalo, ndi kupanga phonon.

isotopes

zotsatira Mossbauer ndi tanthauzo lake ndi yogwirizana ndi mfundo imodzi zodabwitsa: chodabwitsa alibe kanthu pa zinthu zonse mankhwala tebulo nthawi. Komanso tizikumbukira okha ena zinthu isotopes. Ngati wowerenga mwadzidzidzi aiwala zimene isotopes timakumbukira. Amadziwika kuti atomu iliyonse ndi electrically ndale. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mu phata la mapulotoni zabwino zambiri monga chipolopolo elekitironi. Komabe, pachimake mulinso ndi nyutironi, tinthu kwaulere. Ngati inu kusintha chiwerengero mu phata la magetsi chosalowerera ndale ndi sanaphwanye, koma katundu wa atomu zinasintha pang'ono. Komanso, zimachitika kuti ankawonjezereka isotope ndi nyukiliya ndiponso sachedwa kuwonongeka, pamene kanthu wamba ndi wolimba kwambiri. Ndithu mndandanda wa zinthu konkire ndi isotopes awo, amene yodziwika ndi Mossbauer kwenikweni. Kudziwika ⁵⁷ Fe Mwachitsanzo, ambiri anadalira ndi chodabwitsa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira kwadzidzidzi

Zokolola zambiri, lomwe zikutsimikiziridwa ndi limodzi kapena amanena zina zokhudzana ndi dziko tosaoneka, nthawi zambiri zovuta. Komanso, sizikumveka kodi tingapindule kubweretsa zotsatira zomwezo Mossbauer? Kuligwiritsa ntchito Komabe, lonse zokwanira. Investigation katundu wa crystalline zipangizo, amorphous zolimba ndi ufa finely comminuted zikachitika, kuphatikizapo kudzera izi chodabwitsa kwadzidzidzi. Deta yotere zifunika mu mwachilungamo lakutali ku zigawo mchitidwe (ongolankhula sayansi), ndipo mu kwambiri munthu amalanga - monga mankhwala. Choncho, zotsatira Mossbauer ndi ntchito ayenera kutengedwa ngati chitsanzo cha anapeza ongolankhula, zomwe zimabweretsa kwambiri phindu, ngakhale tsiku ndi tsiku.