Buluzi mafupa. Kapangidwe mkati mwa buluzi ndi. Mitundu ndi mayina a abuluzi

Buluzi kukhala suborder kalasi zapoizoni ndi ochuluka kuposa gulu lake. zokwawa awa pali zoposa 3,500 mitundu ndi zimapezeka m'maiko onse kupatula Antarctica. M'nkhaniyi tiona kapangidwe mkati, mafupa, makhalidwe thupi mitundu buluzi ndi mayina a mabanja awo.

Zosangalatsa za abuluzi ndi

Abuluzi - zolengedwa lodabwitsali, amene mwa oimira ena a zinyama kuzindikiridwa angapo mfundo zosangalatsa. Mfundo yoyamba - ndi kukula kwa oimira anthu osiyanasiyana abuluzi. Mwachitsanzo laling'ono buluzi brookesia Micra mu kutalika 28 mm, pamene nthumwi yaikulu ya gulu la zokwawa - Indonesia buluzi, ndi Komodo chinjoka, iye ali ndi thupi kutalika kuposa 3 m, ndi kulemera kwa pafupi ora limodzi ndi theka hundredweight.

Mfundo yachiwiri, kupanga zokwawa izi otchuka osati mwa sayansi, komanso anthu wamba - ichi ndi chifukwa chake ndiponso mmene buluzi akutsikira mchira wake. Luso limeneli limatchedwa autotomy ndipo pali njira zitetezeke. Pamene buluzi akapulumuka kwa chilombo, iye akhoza akathyole izo mwa mchira, zomwe kwenikweni ndi kuukira moyo wa zokwawa lapansi. Kuti apulumutse moyo wawo mitundu ina ya abuluzi sing'anga-kakulidwe amatha kusiya mchira wake, umene patapita kanthawi limakula kachiwiri. Kupewa lalikulu magazi imfa pa autotomy, buluzi gawo mchira amaperekedwa ndi gulu lapadera la minofu kumachepetsa Mitsempha.

Komanso zimene tatchulazi, abuluzi mu chikhalidwe adzalandira kudzikondweretsa khalidwe masking, kusinthasintha kwa chilengedwe mtundu gamut yozungulira. Ena a iwo, makamaka chameleon zingatenge mtundu oyandikana phunziro kwa mphindi zochepa. Kodi zimenezi zimachitika? chakuti maselo a khungu chameleon wopangidwa mwa zigawo zingapo pafupifupi mandala, ndi njira yapadera ndi pigment, omwe Chiwabwerere zikhumbo mitsempha akhoza wothinikizidwa kapena decompressed. Pa nthawi ya ndondomeko kuchepetsa pigment ndi Akusonkhanitsa pakati pa foni ndipo sadzachitanso noticeable, koma pamene decompressed ndondomeko, pigment ndi kufalikira mu selo, kudetsa khungu mu mtundu wina.

Mafupa ndi kapangidwe mkati mwa buluzi ndi

thupi buluzi ali zigawo monga mutu, pakhosi, thunthu, mchira ndi miyendo. thupi kunja yokutidwa ndi mamba ongokhala nyanga ang'onoang'ono ndi dongosolo zofewa poyerekeza ndi mamba nsomba, zopangitsa thukuta mu khungu ndi kwina. Mbali khalidwe ndi wautali akulu thupi - chinenero, nawo kumverera kwa nzika. buluzi diso mosiyana zokwawa zina ndi chikope makina. Musculature liri ndi digiri wamkulu wa kudziŵa kuposa zokwawa.

buluzi mafupa alinso zina zapadera. Amakhala khosi, mapewa, lumbar ndi madipatimenti m'chiuno kuti zikugwirizana msana. Mafupa buluzi anamanga kuti zikulire pamodzi, nthiti (woyamba zisanu) kupanga chatsekedwa pansi sternum, chimene ndi chizindikiro khalidwe la gulu la zokwawa poyerekeza ndi zokwawa ena. Thorax imagwira ntchito ndi kuteteza, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka mawotchi ziwalo, mwina kuwonjezera M'BUKU mu ndondomeko ya kupuma. M'makona buluzi, komanso ena apadziko inakhala manambala asanu, koma mosiyana achule ili mu malo zambiri zabwino zimene amatipatsa okwera ena pamwamba pa nthaka ndi thupi, chifukwa gululi kwambiri mofulumira. thandizo yokulirapo mu gululi ndipo ndi zikhadabu yaitali, zomwe zili ndi zokwawa yoteroyo. Mu mitundu ina, iwo makamaka akhama ndi kuthandiza mbuye wake nimbly kukwera mitengo ndi miyala mtunda.

mafupa buluzi ndi osiyana ndi magulu ena a zinyama lapadziko pamaso pa msana sacral wa 2 vertebrae. Komanso ofala ndi dongosolo lapadera vertebrae caudal, ndicho neokostenevayuschey interlayer pakati pawo, chifukwa muli ndi sabweretsa chisoni kuichotsa buluzi mchira.

ndi kufanana pakati buluzi ndi zimachitikira chiyani?

Anthu ena kusokoneza newts ndi abuluzi - oimira infraorder achule tailed. ndi kufanana pakati buluzi ndi zimachitikira chiyani? Oimira superclasses awa awiri ofanana ndi mzake chabe, dongosolo mkati limafanana Tritons thunthu achule. Komabe, kuchokera amazionera a Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi abuluzi, newts ndi zowoneka amaoneka mofanana: Njoka mutu, makina zikope pa maso, thupi yaitali ndi miyendo zisanu atagwira ndi zina pa mbali ndi Crest pa nsana, mchira, luso buluzi.

mphamvu buluzi

Buluzi amatanthauza nyama mwankhanzaku, kuti, kutentha thupi lake imasiyana malingana kutentha yozungulira, kotero zokwawa awa zambiri umakonda masana, pamene mpweya umafunda mmwamba kwambiri. Ambiri a iwo - ndi zimadya buluzi mitundu ndi mayina a kuphatikizapo anthu oposa chikwi. M'zigawo cha adani buluzi zimadalira kukula kwa chokwawa lapansi. Choncho, mbalame yaing'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe kudya mitundu yonse ya invertebrates, monga tizilombo, akangaude, nyongolotsi, mollusks. Amene anakhudzidwa ndi abuluzi lalikulu - sing'anga-kakulidwe inakhala (achule, njoka, mbalame yaing'ono ndi abuluzi). Kupatulapo ndi Komodo chinjoka, chimene chiri chifukwa kukula lawo lalikulu angakwanitse kusaka masewera aakulu (gwape, nkhumba ngakhalenso sing'anga-kakulidwe njati).

Gawo lina la buluzi ndi wa zamiyendo Inayi, ndi kudya masamba, nthambi ndi zomera zina. Komabe, pali mitundu omnivorous monga Madagascar geckos, pamodzi ndi kudya tizilombo zomera chakudya (zipatso, timadzi tokoma).

gulu la abuluzi

The zosiyanasiyana abuluzi ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zikuphatikizapo 6 superfamily, lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu okwana mabanja 37:

• Iguanas.
• Geckos.
• Skinks.
• Veretenitseobraznye.
• Abuluzi.
• Nyongolotsi-ngati.

Aliyense wa infraorders izi initialization ali mbali anachititsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi envisaged udindo mu unyolo chakudya.

iguania

Iguanas - infraorder ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, amene si kunja kokha, koma nthawi zambiri kapangidwe mkati mwa buluzi ndi. Ndi iguania Zina banja odziwika a abuluzi monga iguanidae, agamidae ndi banja la chameleons. Iguanas amakonda ofunda ndi chinyezi nyengo, kotero malo awo ndi mbali ya kum'mwera ya North America, ku South America, komanso ena lotentha (Madagascar, Cuba, Hawaii, Islands Virgin British ndi ena.).

Oimira infraorder iguanas tingaone ndi khalidwe kwambiri elongated chifukwa mano plevrodontnyh la nsagwada m'munsi. Komanso ofala ndi kukhalapo kwa iguanas pa nsana ndi mchira spiny lokwera, mtengo wa amene nthawi zambiri zikuluzikulu amuna. Phazi iguana buluzi ali okonzeka ndi zala 5, amene aposa ndi zikhadabu (talons mu mitundu zake ndi wautali kwambiri kuposa oimira lapadziko). Komanso, iguania ndi zophuka pa mutu chokhala chisoti, ndi m'mapaketi pakhosi, chida potumikira kusonyeza kuwaopseza, komanso kusewera yofunika kwambiri mating.

Thupi mawonekedwe a iguana ndi makamaka a mitundu iwiri:

1. Mkulu wothinikizidwa thupi mbali yomwe bwino akudutsa mu mchira unakhuthala. mawonekedwe thupi akhoza makamaka amapezeka anthu okhala mu mitengo, mwachitsanzo mtundu Polychrus mu malo South America.
2. Flattened yooneka ngati mbale imayamba thupi - akukumana oimira iguania okhala padziko lapansi.

gekkota

The infraorder gekkota zikuphatikizapo banja Tsepkopalye, pygopodidae ndi eublepharinae. Ndipo mbali wamba oimira onse infraorder la makamaka khromozomu amangokhala ndi mkono wapadera kwa khutu. gekkota kwambiri ndi Chipilala zygomatic, ndi chinenero ali wakuda ndi forked.

• Banja Gekkonovyh (tsepkopalyh) abuluzi okhala padziko lapansi chifukwa oposa 50 miliyoni zaka. Mafupa a buluzi ndi mbali thupi ndinazolowera moyo pa dziko lonse. Iwo ndi malo yaikulu onse m'madera otentha ndipo mu M'madera a zitunda kotentha. Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya banja oposa chikwi.
• Pygopodidae banja ndi chimodzi mwa za abuluzi legless, zikuwoneka zofanana kwambiri ndi njoka. Kusiyanitsa iwo kuchokera kwa serpenti ungakhale khalidwe kuwonekera phokoso chomwe kubala kuti tilankhule wina ndi mnzake. Thupi monga njoka, yaitali, bwino kudutsa mu mchira, amene ndinazolowera autotomy. buluzi mutu aphimbidwa kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke symmetrical. Population amawerengedwa pygopodidae 7 genera ndi 41 mitundu. Habitat - Australia, Guinea ndi malo apafupi dziko.
• Eublepharinae banja - buluzi yaing'ono kutalika kwa pafupifupi 25 masentimita ndi coloration variegated, nocturnal. Zimadya, kudya tizilombo. Iwo amakhala pa America, Asia ndi African m'maiko.

scincomorpha

Oimira scincomorpha abuluzi kufalitsa m'maiko onse ndi wofatsa, otentha nyengo. Kwenikweni ndi anthu a m'dzikolo, ngakhale kuti pali mbalame theka-m'madzi, amene nthawi yambiri mu miyoyo yawo mitengo. infraorder Izi zikuphatikizapo mabanja zotsatirazi:

• Mbale-tailed banja - mmodzi wa ochuluka kuposa kapangidwe gulu, womwenso 130 genera ndi mitundu zoposera zikwi. Kufalitsa pafupifupi dziko lonse, kupatula Antarctica. Iwo amakhala makamaka zone zotentha, ngakhale pali komanso kutali ndi dziko. The kuli anthu banja la Pacific Islands, Asia Southeast ndi Africa. Mbale-tailed abuluzi m'makulidwe osiyanasiyana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana 8-70 cm.
• Banja latsertidy kapena lacertidae ali 42 genera ndi 307 mitundu. Ndinazolowera moyo mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabacteria chachilengedwe: ndi steppes, nkhalango, m'zipululu, mapiri ndipo ngakhale marshlands lapansi. Anafalikira m'dziko Europe ndi ku Asia ndi Africa (kupatulapo. Madagascar). Latsertidy - abuluzi makamaka ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe, koma pali mitundu zikuluzikulu monga ngale buluzi. Chakudya - makamaka carnivore (tizilombo, invertebrates zing'onozing'ono).
• Teiidae banja (11 genera, 129 mitundu) amakhala ku Africa South America ndi kum'mwera kwa North America. Makulidwe abuluzi osiyanasiyana monga masentimita 8 1.5 mamita Mbali khalidwe ndi forked lilime monga abuluzi, umene analandira dzina chachiwiri -. Abuluzi American. Chidwi chakuti chiwerengero cha mitundu ina aphatikizidwa okha akazi, iwo kuikira mazira unfertilized, amene kwaiye yekha wamkazi.
• Cordylidae banja (70 mitundu) okhala m'madera louma la Africa. Angapezeke pa mamba wapadera lalikulu, umene ndi fupa mbale. Major mamba ribbed chimakwirira kumbuyo lonse ndi masiwichi kwa dera mchira mphete waukulu, clasps mchira. Buluzi-Cordylidae yaitali kufika kwa masentimita 40.
• Gerrhosauridae banja padziko louma ndi theka-louma zigawo Africa. Iwo ali onse apadziko ndi theka-m'madzi moyo. yoteroyo olimbikira kulola gerrhosauridae deftly kukwera miyala. Iwo ndi dongosolo ofanana lonse mbale-tailed abuluzi wa banja ndi makhalidwe ofanana a dongosolo mkati ndi abuluzi mwachizolowezi.
• Gimnoftalmidy banja anthu onse America South ndi kum'mwera America Central. Kodi pakati pa abuluzi wamng'ono, akulu amene amakula masentimita 6. Gimnoftalmidy moyo mu nkhalango, ndipo ngakhale mu mapiri, ndi kufanana kwa teiidae ndi ntchito za makumi asanu kubadwa ndi mitundu mazana awiri.
• Usiku buluzi banja nalo dzina lake chifukwa cha njira ya moyo masana abuluzi kubisala, tuluka usiku kusaka tizilombo ndi akangaude. A banja (18 mitundu) okhala m'madera louma mu mtunda miyala, kutalika wamkulu kawirikawiri kuposa masentimita 15.

Veretenitseobraznye buluzi

Infraorder veretenitseobraznyh abuluzi yodziwika ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono ndi unjoint pakati pansi mbale fupa. Pakati veretenitseobraznyh abuluzi zimachitika monga mitundu legless ndi buluzi ndi kapangidwe ochiritsira thupi ndi miyendo-atagwira asanu. Infraorder zikuphatikizapo mabanja atatu:

• Ksenozavry banja wosiyana mabanja ena chitukuko ziwalo, ndi mamba si yunifolomu. Zimalimbikitsa pamaso pa zikope makina ndi kumva mipata. Banja zikuphatikizapo magulu awiri okha a malo ku Central America ndi China.
• Veretenitsievye banja nazo nsagwada amphamvu, zokuzira ndi mano yosamveka. Izi zili choncho makamaka zimadya abuluzi, chikuwonjezereka kubereka moyo. Banja zikuphatikizapo za 10 genera ndi 80 mitundu anapeza makamaka ku America. Kukula kwa akulu ndi kuzungulira 50-60 cm.
• Legless banja kuli mitundu iwiri yokha ndi malo mu Mexico ndipo California. Yodziwika ndi kupanda miyendo, kumva mabowo ndi mbale Bony.

varanoidea buluzi

Varanoidea infraorder zikuphatikizapo mtundu wina - Monitor abuluzi - ndipo pafupifupi 70 mitundu. Abuluzi moyo mu Africa, kupatulapo o.Madagaskar, Australia ndi New Guinea. Yaikulu mitundu abuluzi, Komodo polojekiti ndi umboni weniweni pakati pa mitundu yonse ya abuluzi kukula, kutalika kwake ndi mamita 3, ndi kulemera 120 makilogalamu. chakudya wake Kungakhalenso nkhumba lonse. Mitundu zing'onozing'ono polojekiti buluzi (Varan yochepa tailed) alibe upambana masentimita 28 m'litali.

Varan buluzi Description: elongated thupi, elongated khosi, nthambi poluvypravlennom malo, ndi forked lilime. Abuluzi - yekha mtundu wa abuluzi, amene chigaza amadziwa ossified, pa mbali ongoyendayenda mabowo khutu. Maso bwino anayamba, malinga ndi mwana kuzungulira ndi chikope makina. Mamba kumbuyo imakhala yaing'ono mbale chowulungika kapena kuzungulira pa mbale m'mimba kutenga amakona anayi mawonekedwe pa mutu polygonal. Wamphamvu thupi mapeto osati zochepa wamphamvu michira kuti abuluzi amatha kudziteteza amakamba nkhonya yolemera pa mdani. Mu abuluzi, kuwatsogolera njira za m'madzi a moyo, mchira ntchito moyenera pamene akusambira mu mitundu zake, ndi kusintha kwambiri ndi olimbikira, kuthandiza kukwera nthambi. Abuluzi amasiyana kwambiri abuluzi zina mtima dongosolo (Four chipinda), ofanana ndi nyama, pamene mtima wa abuluzi ku infraorders ena atatu makamera.

Mwa njira ya moyo mwa abuluzi chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mitundu apadziko, koma pali anthu amene amatha nthawi yambiri mu madzi ndi mitengo. abuluzi chamoyo ndinazolowera moyo mu malo osiyana, angapezeke mu chipululu, ndi m'nkhalango mvula, ndi pa gombe. Kwambiri cha adani amenewa ali kalikiliki usana, mitundu iwiri yokha ndi abuluzi zamiyendo Inayi. Nyama zimene zimadya abuluzi zosiyanasiyana mollusks, tizilombo, nsomba, njoka (ngakhale chakupha!), Birds, zokwawa, mazira, abuluzi ena, ndi abuluzi lalikulu kawirikawiri cannibalistic, kudya anyamata ndi osalimba awo anansi. Mtundu wonse wa abuluzi polojekiti amatanthauza abuluzi dzira-atagona.

Polojekiti abuluzi ndi zofunika osati monga ulalo wa unyolo chakudya osiyanasiyana malo awo, komanso ntchito anthropological. Choncho, awa buluzi khungu ntchito makampani nsalu ngati mfundo nsapato zosiyanasiyana ndipo ngakhale haberdashery. Ena amanenera, anthu a m'dera amagwiritsa nyama izi chakudya. Mu mankhwala, buluzi magazi ntchito yopanga antiseptics. Ndipo, ndithudi, abuluzi izi zimakhala okhala terrariums.

dibamidae

Infraorder dibamidae tichipeza banja limodzi, mamembala amene ang'ono, anthu legless tofanana mphutsi. Iwo zapamtunda ndi burrowing moyo. Kugawira m'dera m'nkhalango Indonesia, Philippines, India, China, New Guinea.