Quasar - izi ndi ... Kodi quasar?

Pa mtunda wa biliyoni 2 kuwala zaka kutali ndi kwathu ndi wamphamvu ndi woopsa kwambiri chinthu m'chilengedwe chonse. Quasar - ndi kunyezimira mtanda wa mphamvu, utali umene chimachititsa makilomita mabiliyoni angapo. Asayansi mulibe mpaka kumapeto kwa phunziro nkhani imeneyi.

ndi quasar Kodi

Today asayansi padziko lonse akufuna kuphunzira quasars, anachokera nchito. Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana akusonyeza kuti quasar wa - lalikulu, wamphamvu kusuntha wakupha mpweya kukatentha. Amphamvu mphamvu gwero chinthu ili mkati, mu mtima wa quasar a. Izi yaikulu wakuda dzenje. Quasar limalemera mofanana ndi kulemera mabiliyoni dzuwa.

Quasar zimatenga chilichonse chimene chimabwera mu njira yake. Una wakuda imaphwanya nyenyezi lonse ndi nyenyezi, woyamwa iwo mkati malingana ngati iwo kwathunthu achotsa, ndipo si kupasuka mu izo. Pakali pano, ndi quasar - ndi chinthu choyipa kuti zitha kukhala m'chilengedwe chonse.

Nato zinthu thambo

Quasars - zinthu kutali kwambiri ndi yowala mu kudziwika chilengedwe ndi anthu. Mu 60s Mu zaka zapitazo, asayansi ankaganiza nyenyezi awo wailesi, pamene iwo anapezeka mothandizidwa ndi mafunde amphamvu wailesi. Mawu akuti "quasar" anachokera ku mawu akuti "quasi-Nyenyezi wailesi gwero". Mungapezeponso dzina la QSOs ntchito zambiri asayansi za mlengalenga. Field ndi mphamvu ya telesikopu kuwala zambiri asayansi anapeza kuti quasar - si nyenyezi, ndi nyenyezi woboola pakati chinthu chosadziwika kwa sayansi.

Amaganiza kuti umuna wailesi akubwera osati kuchokera quasar, ndi kunyezimira limene iye paulemerero. Quasars komabe ndinu mmodzi wa zinthu zambiri zachinsinsi, zomwe zili kutali kupitirira mlalang'ambawu. Pakali pano, anthu ochepa akhoza amatiuza za quasars. Kodi ndi mmene kumanga izi zakuthambo adzatha kuyankha kokha zakuthambo wakhala zaka zambiri ndi asayansi. Chinthu chokha chomwe chingatsimikizire kuti quasars zimatulutsa ndalama yaikulu mphamvu. Iye ndi amene zimatulutsa 3 miliyoni dzuwa! Ena quasars zimatulutsa kuwirikiza maulendo 100 mphamvu kuposa nyenyezi zonse Way wathu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti onse quasar pamwamba ndi pa mfundo pafupifupi wofanana ndi dongosolo la zowalitsa.

Ndi kuchuluka cheza cha quasars

Kuda yapitayi nyenyezi anapezeka padziko quasar. Kuzindikira ngati zinthu ndi redshift, amene ali mu atomu cheza ndi mphepo ndi kuwala wosaonekayo, ndi yaing'ono kwambiri miyeso okhota. Izi zimachititsa kuti atulukira quasars sankandilola kuwauza nyenyezi - magwero mfundo. M'malo mwake, magwero yaitali m'malo zogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a nyenyezi. Yerekezerani ndi koyefishienti kufunika pafupifupi ya quasar yowala ndi 12.6, ndi nyenyezi yowala - 1,45.

Kodi kwachinsinsi Zamlengalenga

Black mabowo, pulsars ndi quasars sizovuta patali ndi ife. Iwo ali kutali kwambiri zamumlengalenga lapansi. Quasars ndi yaikulu infuraredi cheza. Ndi kusanthula kawalidwe zakuthambo ndi kudziwa liwiro la kayendedwe ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mtunda wa pakati pawo ndi pakati pa iwo ndi dziko lapansi.

Ngati cheza cha quasar ndi wofiira, zikutanthauza kuti akusuntha mu njira ya Earth. The zambiri redness - kutali ndi quasar ndipo ukuwonjezeka liwiro. Mitundu yonse ya quasars ikuyenda imathamanga kwambiri, womwe utasinthiratu. Iwo imatsimikizirika kuti mathamangidwe wa quasars adza kwa mlingo wa 240 zikwi. Km / gawo., Amene ali pafupifupi 80% ya kuwala kumayendera!

Sitidzaona quasars zamakono

Popeza akutali kwambiri kwa ife akutsutsa koma lero tikuona kayendedwe zimene zinachitika mabiliyoni zaka zapitazo. Popeza kuunika okha anakwanitsa kufika kwa Dziko lathu. Ambiri mwina, akutali kwambiri, choncho quasars amakezana basi. Space amatilola kuwaona monga momwe iwo anali kokha pafupi biliyoni zaka 10 zapitazo. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti ena a iwo kale unatha.

quasar Kodi

Ngakhale zodabwitsazi amaphunzira ndi sikokwanira, koma, malinga ndi kafukufuku kuyambirira, ndi quasar - yaikulu wakuda dzenje. mayi ake Iyamba kayendedwe ake pamene nyuzi dzenje akuchedwa nkhaniyi, imbaenda Kutentha particles, akusisita awo wina ndi mzake ndi chipani wosatha wa misa ambiri a zinthu. Liwiro mamolekyulu ndi aliyense quasar amakhala kunadetsa chachiwiri ndi apamwamba kutentha. Amphamvu mikangano particles ndiyo Kugawilidwa kwanthaka kuchuluka yaikulu kuwala ndipo ena mitundu ya dzuwa, monga mwachitsanzo X-ray. Chaka mabowo wakuda akhoza kuyamwa ambirimbiri wina dzuwa wathu. Kamodzi omangika mu mmene kanyamaka misa wakupha imatsala, mphamvu anamasulidwa zidzakhala zofalikira cheza mbali ziwiri: pamodzi kum'mwera ndi kumpoto mitengo yonyamulira ya quasar lapansi. Akatswiri a sayansi ya amalitchula zachilendo "danga ndege".

kuzipenya aposachedwapa a zakuthambo zimasonyeza kuti ambiri a zinthu izi mu mlengalenga pa malo a nyenyezi elliptical. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso chimodzi chiyambi quasar, ali aang'ono Way imene yaikulu wakuda dzenje zimatenga mankhwala yozungulira. Anayambitsa chiphunzitso kunena kuti cheza gwero amachita accretion litayamba dzenje. Ndi ili mu mzinda wa Way, ndipo ndizoonekeratu kuti kawalidwe wofiira kosangalatsa wa quasars pa Cosmological ndendende mtengo wa kosangalatsa yokoka. Izo poyamba ananeneratu Einstein chiphunzitso chake ambiri relativity.

Quasars nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi ankayatsa wa dziko lonse. Iwo Tingaone mtunda kutali, chifukwa iwo kuphunzira kusanduka ake ndi dongosolo. Ntchito "lakumwamba chabwino" kuphunzira kufalitsa chinthu chilichonse kwa mzere pamaso. Ndicho, wamphamvu kawalidwe wa hydrogen mayamwidwe mizere akusinthika mu mizere ya wofiira kosangalatsa wa mayamwidwe wa.

Asayansi buku la quasars

Pali chiwembu wina. Quasar, malinga ndi akatswiri ena - ndi akutulukira wamng'ono Way. Evolution wa nyenyezi ndi bwino kuphunzira, chifukwa anthu ali wamng'ono kwambiri kuposa iwo. Mwina quasars - boma oyambirira mapangidwe nyenyezi. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti amasulidwe mphamvu zawo amachokera mtima wamng'ono yogwira nyenyezi yatsopano.

zakuthambo zina ndi chiyani mukukhulupirira quasars ndi mfundo malo nkhani watsopano wa dziko lonse zimachokera. kungoganizira chawo chikutsimikizira zosiyana chenicheni cha dzenje wakuda. Anthu kukhala ndi nthawi yambiri kufufuza stigmata wa quasars.

quasars amadziwika

Woyamba anatulukira quasar anatulukira ndi Matthews ndi Sandage mu 1960. Inali mu kuwundana Virgo. Motero n'kutheka kuti chikugwirizana ndi nyenyezi 16 wa kuwundana izi. Patatha zaka zitatu, Mathews ananena kuti chinthu ichi ali ndi yaikulu yofiira kawalidwe kuchepetsa. Chinthu chokha mu kutsimikizira kuti si nyenyezi, anali kumasulidwa ndalama zambiri mphamvu mu dera ochepa m'mlengalenga.

kuzipenya wa anthu

History anayamba kuphunzira quasars ndi muyeso ndi pulogalamu yapadera akuoneka okhota kukula kwa nyukiliya Sources.

Mu 1963 quasars ndi manambala za 5. Mu chaka chomwecho, ndi zakuthambo Dutch asonyeza mizere kawalidwe kwa kosangalatsa ofiira a sipekitiramu wa. Asatipangiza kuti ndi chifukwa kusamutsidwa Cosmological chifukwa cha kuchotsa awo, kotero mtunda kuchita masamu ndi lamulo Hubble. Pasanapite nthawi, awiri asayansi Yuri Efremov ndi A. Sharov anapeza kuwala masiyanidwe wapezeka quasars. Chifukwa zithunzi photometric, anapeza kuti masiyanidwe a pafupipafupi ali masiku ochepa okha.

Mmodzi wa quasar wapafupi (3C, 273) ali ndi gloss ofiira ndi kuchepetsa lolingana mtunda pafupifupi 3 mldr. kuwala zaka. The zinthu kutali kwambiri mu mlengalenga maulendo mofulumira kuposa nyenyezi wamba kuwala. Ndi wosavuta kulembetsa mwa telesikopu zamakono pa mtunda wa 12 biliyoni kuwala zaka zambiri. Izo posachedwapa analemba quasar yatsopano pa mtunda wa zaka biliyoni 13.5 kuwala kwa Earth.

N'zovuta kudziwa mmene quasar zambiri anapezeka tsiku. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha anapeza zonse zinthu zatsopano, ndi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malire pakati pa nyenyezi za udakali quasars. Mu 1987 anafalitsa mndandanda wa quasars mayina kuchuluka kwa 3594, mu 2005 panali oposa 195 zikwi. Koma lero chiwerengero chawo kuposa 200 zikwi.

Poyamba, mawu akuti "quasar" amatanthauza gulu la zinthu zimene akalipo (kuwala) osiyanasiyana ofanana kwambiri nyenyezi. Koma iwo kusiyana: amphamvu umuna wailesi ndi yaing'ono miyeso okhota (<10 ^0).

Izi lingaliro pachiyambi cha matupi awa zachitika mu nthawi ya anatulukira. Ndipo izo nzoona lero, koma asayansi anazindikira ndi radiospokoynye quasars. Iwo sakudziwa kulenga cheza cholimba. Pamene chaka cha 2015, maofesi otere anati pafupifupi 90% ya onse odziwika.

Masiku ano, stigmata wa quasars anatsimikiza ndi kayendedwe ka ndi sipekitiramu wofiira. Ngati thambo anapeza thupi kukhala kusamutsidwa ofanana ndi kumasula otaya wamphamvu mphamvu, ndiye iye ali mwayi uliwonse kutchedwa "quasar".

Pomaliza

Pakali pano, -lenga zikwi ziwiri za matupi awa zakuthambo. The chida chachikulu kuphunzira quasars ndi Hubble Space Telescope. Popeza patsogolo luso anthu sitingalephere kusangalatsa ndi kupambana kwawo, zikhoza kapadera kuti m'tsogolo tidzakhala kuthetsa mwambi kuti ndi quasar ndi dzenje wakuda. Mwina ali ngati "chosamanga kabati" kuti zimatenga zinthu zonse zosafunika ndiponso mwina iwo ali malo ndi mphamvu ya chilengedwe chonse.