Kulumikizana kwamakono ndi kulankhulana mofulumira

Msika wogulitsa mafoni ndi imodzi mwa nthambi zowonjezereka komanso zowonjezereka za mafakitale. Pakalipano, njira zothandizira ma televizi zimayendetsa patsogolo, makamaka zimayendera pakhomo lakulankhulana kwa Russia kudziko lonse monga wofanana naye kuti apereke maiko osiyanasiyana, ma communicity, ma communico, kufalitsa ma data, intaneti,

Kodi Telecommunications ndi chiyani?

Mawu akuti "kutumiza mauthenga" amachokera ku mawu akuti: Latin communico, omwe amatanthauza "njira yolankhulirana," ndi chi Greek, zomwe zikutanthauza "kuyendetsa patali."

Choncho, munganene kuti:

• Kulumikizana ndi mawonekedwe ndi mapulogalamu omwe amalola kuti uthenga ulalikidwe pa chingwe ndi ma wailesi. Izi ndizipangizo zosinthira mauthenga, kuzilemba, kuzigawa; Izi ndi zamakono zamakono opanga makompyuta.
• Kuyankhulana kumatanthawuza kuphatikiza zipangizo zamakono, mapulogalamu ndi bungwe lofalitsa deta pamtunda wautali. Pofuna kupanga zithunzithunzi za malo otetezera satana, zida zowonjezera zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Kuyankhulana ndi mauthenga apamwamba opereka uthenga ndi kulandira mauthenga. Akatswiri pazolumikizidwe ndi akatswiri ndi injini. Kawirikawiri amagwira ntchito ndi zizindikiro, zizindikiro, phokoso.
• Kuyankhulana ndikutumizirana uthenga uliwonse pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta. Zomwe zimafalitsidwa kudzera pazolumikizidwe kapena kusinthana kwadzidzidzi.
• Kulumikizana ndi mauthenga ndi njira yopezera ndikugwiritsira ntchito mauthenga pogwiritsa ntchito zamagetsi, makina, magetsi, mauthenga ndi makompyuta.

Madera olonjeza a matelefoni a telecommunication ayenera kuganiziridwa:

1. Kulengedwa kwa makonzedwe atsopano a zizindikiro pogwiritsira ntchito njira zowonetsera zizindikiro pamodzi ndi njira zatsopano zojambula zizindikiro ndi cholinga chowonjezera kuchulukitsa kagwiritsidwe kabwino ka mawonekedwe opatsirana ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zawo.
2. Kulengedwa kwa zipangizo zamagetsi zamagetsi zamphamvu.
3. Kulengedwa kwa makina a telecommunication mu gulu la mawimbi a millimeter ndi maulendo opita pafupifupi 100 GHz.
4. Kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito ndi makina opanga makina opangira ma televizi, omwe amathandiza kuti agwire bwino ntchito molingana ndi zofunikira zowonjezera: mtengo wochepa, malipiro opambana, otsimikizirika kwambiri, zochepetsetsa zazikulu.
5. Kuonjezera mlingo wa maphunziro a ophunzira motsogoleredwa ndi "Telecommunications", kufalikira kwa kufufuza kwa sayansi ndi chitukuko m'munda.

Njira yamakono yopangira zizindikiro

Kuonetsetsa kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono zolembera ndi kusindikiza chizindikiro. Ndi njira zolemba zizindikiro zolimbana ndi zolakwika pazifukwa zosokoneza zomwe zimapereka mphamvu zowonjezereka mu 6-8 dB, ngakhale mosasamala za kukula kwa chizindikiro. Mipukutu iyi yagwiritsiridwa ntchito: zizindikiro za Hamming, Reed-Solomon, BCH, ndi zizindikiro zonga mtengo. Ndizosangalatsa kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke zapakati pazing'ono zing'onozing'ono zowonjezereka ndikupeza mphamvu yowonjezerapo kuti yowonjezera chiwerengero cha kutumiza. Pachifukwa ichi, bandwidths amagwiritsira ntchito maulendo angapo omwe amatha kusintha kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ndi kayendedwe ka quadrature.

Kuyankhulana kwa satana

Njira zothandizira ma satelesi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa satellites kuti zithe kusindikiza mapulogalamu a pa TV, kuphatikizapo ovomerezeka payekha, komanso kupereka magalimoto odziwa zambiri. Makamaka, ma intaneti othamanga satana, omwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyankhulana ndi kuyendetsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya satellites ya GPS yoyendetsa malo m'malo ovuta, panthawi zovuta, komanso poyendetsa magalimoto, amayenera kutchulidwa makamaka. Foni yamtundu woyendetsa kompyuta imapereka deta kuchoka kulikonse padziko lapansi. Kuphatikizidwa ndi chizindikiro cha phokoso phokoso, njira zamakono zatsopano zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: nthawi zambiri microstrip antenna, amphamvu amphamvu amphamvu kwambiri, fyuluta yamagulu awiri pa maulendo amphamvu a bismuth germanium, filband microweve opanga ma dionctric resonators,

Njira zoyankhulirana ndi kuyankhulana

Masiku ano, machitidwe apakompyuta amalumikizana makamaka mofulumira, ndi chiwerengero cha olembetsa m'mayiko ambiri kuposa chiwerengero cha olembetsa ovomerezeka. Ngakhale utsogoleri wa msika mu mauthenga apakompyuta umakhala ndi muyezo wa GSM-900/180, momwe machitidwe awo afikira malire a ungwiro chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito matebulo atsopano a GPRS ndi EDGE. Chodalira kwambiri chiyenera kuonedwa ngati njira zogwiritsira ntchito mafoni ndi kulekanitsa njira za CDMA muyezo, zomwe zili ndi zizindikiro zosabisika komanso zamphamvu. Masiku ano, miyezo itatu yochokera pa teknoloji ya CDMA: CDMA ONE, CDMA 2000 ndi WCDMA imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga 3G mafoni ovomerezeka malinga ndi mmene MT-2000 ikuyendera ndi International Telecommunication Union. Monga gawo la kukhazikitsidwa kwa muyezo wa BMI-2000, ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga satana machitidwe oyankhulana Orbocomm, Thuraya, Clobal Star, Iridium. Ngakhale ntchito zamalonda za machitidwewo sizinachitike chifukwa cha mavuto a ndalama za polojekiti ndi mavuto aumisiri. Kuti tipeze mauthenga odziwitsa zamagulu, radio ya DECT yadziwonetsera bwino.

Machitidwe otumizira ofulumira

Chifukwa cha zochitika zamakono opangidwa ndi ma microelectronics, makompyuta amakono ndi makompyuta ndi makompyuta monga ma Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiMax, WiFi ndi ena amapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kwa njira zofanana zowunikira zizindikiro. Machitidwe a kuyankhulana kwa hydrodoustic amachititsa kulankhulana pansi pa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde akupanga mu 8-20 kHz pamtunda wa makilomita 4. Makina olankhulana ndi laser amagwiritsira ntchito lasers ndi kutalika kwake kwa 1-10 microns ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzitali zoyankhulana. Chomera cha Ryazan (Russia) chimapanga laser kulandira ndi kutumiza chipangizo chomwe chimapereka chizindikiro pamtunda wa 200 Mbit / s pamtunda wa makilomita awiri mpaka 10 pansi pa dziko lapansi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, kutumiza uthenga pakati pa malo osungirako mafoni. Machitidwe olankhulana m'matanthwe ndi metro amagwiritsa ntchito chingwe cha radio-emitting (antenna), mwachitsanzo, cha EUPEN, mu maulendo angapo 30-1800 MHz. Asayansi a US asankha kukhazikitsa mafunde a hectare m'munsi mwa dziko lapansi. Zimakhulupirira kuti panthawi yopanga anthu obwereza pamtunda wa mamita 200, chingwe cholankhulana chingathe kupangidwira kutumiza mbendera ndi pafupifupi 500 Hz.