Nkhani maola. maola History Kutulukira

The sayansi loyamba nthawi - zakuthambo. Apeza mu zoyang'anira akale ntchito ulimi, ndi kulambira. Komabe, luso kunali kofunika kuyeza kanthawi nthawi. Motero anthu wabwera maola kuyambitsa. Dongosololi unali wautali, tizigwira ntchito mwakhama maganizo abwino.

maola nkhani amapita zaka kumbuyo ambiri, ndi kuyambitsa wamkulu wa anthu. Kuyambira timitengo munakhala pansi kwa kopitilira muyeso-yeniyeni chowonera - kutalika m'njira mazana a mibadwo. Ngati inu Udindo zomwe wa chitukuko anthu, mu "Kutulukira lalikulu" maola adzakhala yokha mawilo.

Panali nthawi pamene anthu anali kalendala zokwanira. Koma panali luso, panafunika kukonza nthawi ya njira zamakono. Panatenga maola, cholinga chimene - muyeso wa intervals nthawi yaifupi masiku. Kuti tichite zimenezi, anthu mibadwo mibadwo agwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana thupi. Choncho panali kamangidwe, kugwiritsa iwo.

maola nkhani kugawidwa m'mbali ziwiri zazikulu. Origin - kutalika zikwi zingapo zaka, wachiwiri - osachepera limodzi.

1. History maola, wotchedwa mogwirizana. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo dzuwa, madzi, moto ndi mchenga zipangizo. Phunziro nthawi ikutha domayatnikovogo makina nthawi wotchi. Iwo anali akale chimes.

2. Chatsopano nkhani maola, kuyambira ndi kuyambitsa wa pendulum ndi kusamala zomwe chinali chiyambi cha chitukuko chakale oscillatory kudziwa nthawi. Nthawiyi kale sanamalize.

sundial

The zilipo amakezana. Choncho, nkhani ya sundial ndi atamatula perete wa zoyambitsidwa kwambiri m'munda wa kudziwa nthawi. Ngakhale kuphweka ankaoneka ngati zosiyanasiyana kwambiri kutisokoneza.

Maziko a sundial ndi kuika kayendedwe mwina dzuwa tsiku lonse. , Tikawerenga pa mthunzi kuponyedwa ndi olamulira a. ntchito zawo n'chotheka, ntsiku ya dzuwa. Ancient Egypt linali ndi nyengo nyengo. Ambiri ntchito pa magombe a Nile nawo sundial, amene anali mawonekedwe a zipilala. zawo pakhomo la kachisi. Gnomon mu mawonekedwe a obelisk ndi ofukula lonse pansi - choncho yang'anani sundial wakale. Photo m'munsimu limasonyeza mmodzi wa iwo. Mpaka tsopano wakhala mmodzi wa zipilala Mwiguputo, kuwapititsa ku Europe. Gnomon kutalika mamita 34 panopa waima pa limodzi la mabwalo a ku Roma.

Ochiritsira sundial wogwidwa sangathe kwambiri. Tinazindikira za izo, koma nthawi analekerera. Mu nyengo zosiyana, mwachitsanzo chilimwe ndi chisanu, nthawi ya ola zinali zosiyana. Koma pa nthawi imene chogwidwa dongosolo agrarian ndi waluso ubale mu muyeso molondola nthawi panalibe. Choncho sundial bwinobwino chinakhalapo mpaka malemu Middle Ages.

Mu malo gnomon anabwera kapangidwe patsogolo kwambiri. MwaukadauloZida sundial, imene drawback izi yathetsedwa anali lonse yokhota kumapeto. Komanso, zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana. Choncho, khoma ndipo zenera sundials zinali ponseponse mu Europe.

kusintha Komanso chinachitika mu 1431. Amakhala mu lathu cha mthunzi wa muvi kufanana kwa olamulira dziko lapansi. dzanja ili ankatchedwa olamulira. Tsopano mthunzi makina semiaxis uniformly zikusuntha, kutembenuzira ola limodzi pa 15 °. Mapulani amatilola kubala mokwanira molondola kwa nthawi, ndi sundial. Photo chikusonyeza chimodzi cha zida ngati anasunga mu China.

Pakuti yake unsembe dongosolo zitsulo okwanira kampasi. Tsopano mukhoza ntchito wotchi kulikonse. Iwo anakwanitsa kutulutsa zitsanzo ngakhale kunyamula. Kuyambira 1445 anayamba kumanga sundial mu mawonekedwe a Chigawo cha dzenje, zida ndi muvi, mthunzi umene kugwa padziko lamkati.

Kufunafuna oloŵa

Ngakhale kuti sundial anali omasuka ndi zolondola, iwo anali aakulu cholinga zopindika khalidwe. Iwo amadalira kotheratu nyengo, ndi chamoyo wawo uli ndi malire ku mbali ina ya tsiku unazunguliridwa mu kusiyana yotuluka ndi kulowa dzuwa. Pofunafuna njira zina, asayansi kuyesetsa kupeza njira zina kuyeza intervals nthawi. Amafuna kuti iwo sanali zokhudzana ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi kayendedwe ka nyenyezi ndi maiko.

Kufunafuna kutsogoleredwa kuti chilengedwe cha mfundo yokumba nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, imeneyi ili anali wofunikila zikusefukira kapena kuchuluka kwa zinthu kuyaka.

Analengedwa pa maziko a wotchi imeneyi zapita kutali chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa nyumba, potero amaika mumsewu njira kwa chilengedwe cha mawotchi osati makina, komanso zochita zokha zipangizo.

wotchiyi inkagwira

Pakuti mawotchi madzi munakhala dzina "wotchiyi inkagwira", choncho pali olakwika amene woyamba anatulukira iwo mu Greece. Mu zenizeni, izo sizinali choncho. Amakezana, wosazindikira kwambiri hourglass anapezeka mu kachisi wa Amun pa Febah ndi kusungidwa mu Cairo Museum.

Polenga kuchepetsa madzi wotchi pofuna yunifolomu madzi mlingo mu chotengera pa efflux ake pansi kupyolera orifice lapansi. Izi anali zimatheka ndi kupereka chotengera phirilo woboola pakati, tapered pafupi pansi. Pezani chitsanzo wofotokoza mlingo wa kutayikira madzimadzi, malingana ndi msinkhu ndi chotengera chake mawonekedwe, izo zinali zotheka mu Ages Middle. Lisanaperekedwe, chotengera mawonekedwe kwa wotchi madzi kusintha empirically. Mwachitsanzo, Aiguputo hourglass, tatchulazi, anapereka yunifolomu pansi. Ngakhale ndi pamlingo winawake zolakwa.

Popeza hourglass sikudalira pa nthawi ya tsiku ndi nyengo, ndi bwino Cholinga zofunikira za muyeso mosalekeza kwa nthawi. Komanso, m'pofunika kuwongolera zina chipangizo, kuwonjezera ntchito zosiyanasiyana anapereka danga kwa malingaliro okonza. Choncho, wotchiyi inkagwira Arab ankaimira ntchito luso molumikizana ndi magwiridwe mkulu. Iwo anali okonzeka ndi njira zina hayidiroliki ndi pneumatic: sounder nthawi usiku kuyatsa dongosolo.

Ine sasunga nkhani zambiri madzi mawotchi ndiAmene maina. Iwo kupanga chinkhoswe osati Europe komanso ku China, mu India. Tamva za zimango Greek dzina lake Ktesiby wa Alexandria, amene anakhalako zaka 150 Khristu asanabwere. The wotchiyi inkagwira Ktesiby ntchito magiya, zikuchitika ongolankhula amene apangidwa ndi Aristotle.

moto ulonda

gulu anatuluka mu m'ma 13. Woyamba moto ulonda anali tapers mpaka 1 mita mu msinkhu ndi kuvala zolemba. Nthawi zina Chigawo wina okonzeka ndi zikhomo zitsulo umene unagwa pa maimidwe zitsulo pa kuzungulira amatopa sera, kufalitsa phokoso osiyana. zipangizo amenewa anali ngati zinachitika wa alamu a.

Mkubwela kwa bwino galasi moto wotchi lidzasinthidwa lampadnye. Pa mpanda wa sikelo waikamo, imene osachepera kuyatsa mafuta, ndi nthawi yabwino.

Ambiri ntchito zipangizo akhala ku China. Pamodzi ndi mtundu wina wa nyale kutumizidwa m'dziko kuwombera maola - chingwe. Tikhoza kunena kuti anali mapeto akufa.

hourglass

Pamene anabadwa, izo silidziŵika. Timadziwa kuti ndinene ndi chakuti iwo sanathe kuonekera asanayambe galasi.

Hourglass awiri mandala wowonekera mababu. Kudzera khosi polumikiza nkhani kutsanulira kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi pa botololo. Ndipo mu nthawi yathu adakali kotheka kukumana ndi hourglass. Photo limasonyeza imodzi ukufanana ndi, stylized yakale yoyendera.

Akatswiri Akale mu kupanga zipangizo wokometsedwera hourglass woyengedwa zokongoletsa. Iwo zinkagwira ntchito kuyeza kutalika kwa nthawi, komanso ngati chokongoletsera mkati. M'nyumba ya olemekezeka ambiri ndipo olemekezeka akhoza kuona mwanaalirenji hourglass. Photography ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo izi.

Ku Ulaya, hourglass anabwera m'malo mochedwa - kumapeto kwa Zapakati, koma yogawa awo anali mofulumira. Chifukwa kuphweka zake ntchito kuthekera nthawi iliyonse, mofulumira anakhala wotchuka kwambiri.

Chimodzi mwa zovuta za hourglass - mwachilungamo nthawi yochepa, anayeza popanda kusintha. Osati anazolowera makaseti linapangidwa iwo. Akulephera kufalitsa zitsanzo ngati molondola awo otsika, komanso zoti likuwonongeka pambuyo ntchito yaitali. Izo zinachitika motere. Orifice mu zakulera pakati flasks anali acimbadzoza, kukula m'mimba mwake, ndipo mchenga - M'malo mwake, unagawanika, kucheperachepera kukula. kuchuluka ejection liwiro, nthawi - utachepa.

ulonda makina: prerequisites kwa

Kufunika muyeso bwino kwambiri intervals nthawi ndi chitukuko cha ulimi ndi ubwenzi chikhalidwe wakhala kuwuka bwinobwino. Maganizo abwino ntchito pa yankho pabvuto ili.

Kutulukira ulonda makina - kwambiri m'Matchalitchi zinachitika Zapakati, chifukwa iwo - chida zovuta kwambiri, olengedwa mwa zaka zimenezo. Zimenezi zidzapangitsa kuti pofuna kukwaniritsa sayansi.

Kutulukira ndi ake maola zikuchitika chofunika bwino, yolondola, ndi apamwamba luso zida, njira zatsopano za kusanthula ndi mamangidwe. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano.

Chirengedwe cha wotchi makina chimatheka ndi chidali chifuniro cha, spindle limasuka. Limeneli liyenera ali wotembenuka translational zoyenda wa atapachikidwa pa chingwe zolemera kuti oscillate mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo mu nthawi mawilo. Apa kupitiriza ndi kuoneka bwino - kwa chipangizo wotchiyi inkagwira chitsanzo kale ndi oyimba ndi zida sitima ndi nkhondo. Kunali kofunika okha kusintha chikuchititsa zonsezi: m'malo madzi ndege zolemera katundu, ndi limene mosavuta kusamalira, ndi kuwonjezera choyambitsa chipangizo ndi escapement.

Pa mfundo imeneyi, asilikali chifukwa mawotchi nsanja zinalengedwa. Chimes ndi ulamuliro spindle anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito padziko kuyambira 1340 ndipo anakhala kunyada m'midzi yambiri aang'ono.

Mapangidwe a chakale vibrational kudziwa nthawi

Mbiri ya zikamera wa maola kusunga kwa mibadwo mayina asayansi ndi woyamba amene zathandiza kukhala nawo. Maziko ongolankhula anali anapeza kuti anapanga Galileo Galilei akayamba malamulo kufotokoza oscillations wa pendulum a. Iye - woyambitsa lingaliro la mawotchi makina pendulum.

Galileo anatha kugwiritsa lingaliro mu 1658 ndi luso wa ku Netherlands Christiaan Huygens. Iye - woyambitsa anatulukira, ndi bwino ulamuliro, potero kupanga thumba, ndiyeno yang'anani. Mu 1674, Huygens ayambe kulamulira bwino ndi Kuwonjezera a njinga pa flywheel-mwauzimu akasupe mawonekedwe a tsitsi.

Other chosaiwalika Kutulukira uli mawotchi ku Nuremberg dzina lake Peter Henlein. Iye anatulukira clockwork masika, ndipo mu 1500 ofotokoza analenga mthumba wotchi.

Mu kufanana panali kusintha maonekedwe. Poyamba anali ndithu dzanja. Koma monga maola akhala zolondola kwambiri, iwo amafuna kumasonyeza yoyenera. Mu 1680, miniti dzanja Chinawonjezeka, ndi oyimba chapeza ife mtundu mwachizolowezi. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, anayamba kukhazikitsa dzanja chachiwiri. Pa mbali yoyamba, ndipo kenako anakhala pakati.

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, chilengedwe cha maola kunditumiza ku gulu la chisunzo. Anakwaniritsa chokongoletsedwa thupi, chokongoletsedwa ndi dials enamel, lomwe nthawi imeneyo chidafundidwa ndi galasi - zonse izi zimawapangitsa zoti item mwanaalirenji.

Ntchito pa kusintha ndi kuvuta zipangizo akupitiriza mosadodometsedwa. Kumawonjezera Zowona. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ankachitiramo zogwiriziza kwa rocker ndi zida miyala - rube ndi safiro. N'zotheka kuchepetsa mikangano, kusintha molondola, ndi kuonjezera mphamvu malo. Panali chidwi Vuto - kalendala lopitirira, basi kumulowetsa, mphamvu malo index.

The kutsogolera kwa chitukuko anali kuyambitsa wa pendulum wotchi English mawotchi Klement. Mozungulira 1676 anayamba nangula-nangula escapement. chipangizo Izi ndi loyenereradi kwa pendulum koloko, amene yaing'ono matalikidwe oscillation.

khwatsi wotchi

Komanso kusintha kwa zipangizo kuona nthawi ngati chigumukire ndi zinachitika. Chitukuko cha magetsi ndi wailesi luso ali chinabweretsa zikamera wa khwatsi. ntchito yawo potengera mmene piezoelectric. Iwo anapeza mu 1880, koma khwatsi ulonda anatha yekha kubala mu 1937. Kuyambira chakale makina khwatsi zitsanzo kumene analengedwa ndi modabwitsa zolondola. Nthawi ya ulonda amagetsi. Mbali chawo n'chiyani?

ulonda khwatsi ndi limagwirira ongokhala wagawo amagetsi ndi otchedwa stepper galimoto. Kodi ntchito? Engine, kulandira chizindikiro kwa wagawo ndi zamagetsi, imayenda muvi. M'malo alipidwa oyimba khwatsi penyani anasonyeza digito angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ife timawatcha iwo amagetsi. Mu West - khwatsi zazikulu yadigito. Iwo kwenikweni sasintha.

Ndipotu, khwatsi maso - ndi mini-kompyuta. zosavuta kuwonjezera zinthu zina: wotchi yoyimitsa, magawo mwezi, kalendala, Alamu koloko. Price maso pa nthawi yomweyo, mosiyana ndi zimango, si anachulukana kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa iwo mosavuta.

ulonda khwatsi ndi zolondola kwambiri. molondola ndi ± masekondi 15 / pamwezi. zokwanira kukonza kuwerenga kawiri pa chaka.

Wall-wokwera digito wotchi

Intaneti chiwonetsero ndipo yaying'ono - izi ndi amadziwika a mtundu umenewu makina. ulonda pakompyuta chotchuka ntchito monga Integrated. Iwo Tingaone pa galasi lakutsogolo kwa galimoto, mu foni mu uvuni mayikirowevu ndi TV.

Monga mchitidwe mkati zambiri zotheka kukakomana ndi wotchuka kwambiri powerenga kapangidwe kamene ali, ndi muvi umboni.

Maola khoma pakompyuta ifeyo mu mkati mwa kalembedwe moni zamakono, amakono, zazitsulo. Amakopa makamaka magwiridwe ake.

Malinga ndi mtundu kuwonetsera ulonda zamakono zili LCD ndi LED. Yotsirizira zambiri zinchito, ngati ali magetsi.

Malinga ndi magetsi mtundu mawotchi zamagetsi (khoma ndi tebulo) anawagawa maukonde, ntchito ku 220V ndi batareechnye. zipangizo More yabwino ya mtundu wachiwiri, popeza sikutanthauza pamaso pa pafupi kubwereketsa.

Cuckoo mawotchi

amisiri German anayamba kutulutsa iwo kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Pachikhalidwe Wall cuckoo wotchi ndi mtengo. Molemerera chokongoletsedwa ulusi monga kunyumba mbalame chokongoletsera malo wolemera.

Panthawiyo, zitsanzo yotchipa anthu ambiri ku Soviet Union ndi Soviet Union. Long zaka Wall cuckoo wotchi mtundu "Mayak" opangidwa ndi chomera mu mzinda Russian Serdobsk. Zolemera mu mawonekedwe a cones Oil, chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli wopepuka nyumba, pepala ubweya phokoso limagwirira - kotero amakumbukira Achikulire.

Tsopano tingachipeze powerenga khoma koloko ndi cuckoo - m'chipani. Ichi ndi chifukwa mtengo zitsanzo apamwamba. Ngati mulibe kuganizira khwatsi zamanja amisiri Asian, zopangidwa pulasitiki, lowoneka cuckoo kukuyut chokha m'nyumba za exotics connoisseurs ola. Yeniyeni, zovuta limagwirira, ubweya chikopa, ulusi wabwino nyumba ya - zonsezi kumafuna ntchito yamanja aluso. Anthu opanga ambiri otchuka okha zingabweretse zitsanzo zimenezi.

Alamu wotchi

Ichi ndi ambiri "mawotchi" m'katikati.

Service - woyamba zina Mbali kuti anali akuyendera maola. Okhala mu 1847 ndi ku France Antoine Rede.

Mu tingachipeze powerenga makina kompyuta Alamu wotchi phokoso ndi opangidwa ndi mwansanga ya nyundo bwalolo zitsulo. zitsanzo zamakono zili kwambiri mosangalatsa.

Pa kuphedwa kwa zizindikiro anawagawa ang'ono-kukula ndi lalikulu kukula, kompyuta ndipo msewu.

Kompyuta Alamu Clock wopangidwa ndi Motors osiyana clockwork ndi chizindikiro. Infest munthu aliyense payekha.

Ndi kutchuka khwatsi akungoyang'ana Alamu mawotchi makina anagwa. Pali zifukwa zingapo. Kompyuta Alamu wotchi ndi kayendedwe khwatsi ali chakale makina zipangizo angapo ubwino: n'zolondola zambiri, sikutanthauza chomera tsiku, ndi wosavuta sankhani kapangidwe chipinda. Komanso, ali kuwala, Musawope tokhala ndi kugwa.

Mawotchi dzanja Alamu wotchi ambiri amati ndi "chizindikiro". zitsanzo amenewa kutulutsa Makampani angapo. Choncho, okhometsa kudziwika chitsanzo amatchedwa "Cricket Pulezident"

"Cricket" (kwa Cricket English.) - pansi pa dzina ili kampani Swiss opangidwa Vulcain amatiyang'anira ndi alamu ntchito. Amadziwika ndi chakuti eni anali atsogoleri American: Duayt Eyzenhauer, Garri Trumen, Richard Nixon ndi Lindon Dzhonson.

maola nkhani ana

Time - kuipidwa nthanthi gulu ndipo nthawi yomweyo thupi kuchuluka muyeso chofunika. Munthu akukhala mu nthawi. Kale mu pulogalamu sukulu ya mkaka wa maphunziro ndi maphunziro zosowa za chitukuko cha ana kuonetsa nthawi.

Phunzitsani mwana ntchito koloko, mungathe, mwamsanga pamene iye anaphunzira nkhaniyi. Thandizeni mu mawonekedwe izi. Mukhoza kuphatikiza ulonda ku bolodi ndi tsiku lililonse, kuwayika zonse kumveka pa pepala tchati. Kulinganiza makalasi akhoza kukhala ndi mfundo za masewero, ntchito masamu ndi zithunzi.

Nkhani maola ana zaka 6-7 kuphunzira pa zokambirana thematic. Zofunika ayenera anagonjera kuti kuchititsa chidwi mu nkhaniyi. Ana mu mawonekedwe Kufikika anaziphunzitsa ndi mbiri ya maola maganizo awo akale ndi pano. Ndiye, chidziwitso ichi chili. Kuonetsera mfundo imeneyi ya maola losavuta - dzuwa, madzi ndi moto. magawo awa chidwi ana kafukufuku, ndi kukhala m'maganizo kulenga ndi chidwi. Mwaulemu nthawi.

Kusukulu, sukulu 5-7, kuphunzira mbiri ya atayamba maola. Bukuli lili ndi chidziwitso wabweza kalasi mwana zakuthambo, mbiri, malo, sayansi. Choncho nkhani internalized liri lokhazikika. Ulonda, anthu anapanga awo ndi kusintha amaonedwa monga mbali ya History Nkhani Culture, kupeza zomwe cholinga chake ndi zosoŵa za anthu. magawo Topic akhoza anakonza motere: ". Anatulukira kuti anasintha mbiri ya anthu"

Kusekondale, izo m'pofunika kupitiriza kuphunzira maola ngati chowonjezera kuti mafashoni ndipo aesthetics mkati pamaso. Nkofunika kuti atchule ana ola zodyera kulankhula za mfundo za masankhidwe a mawotchi mkati. Mmodzi wa maphunziro akhoza zoyenera kasamalidwe nthawi.

Mbiri ya atayamba maola limasonyeza bwino kupitiriza kwa mibadwo, kuphunzira kwake - njira mapangidwe dziko Wachinyamata.