Nkhondo ya Somme: mafunde a nkhondo ndi zotsatira zake

Ndi 1916, nkhondo ya malo pa zisudzo French ya nkhondoyo inali kwa nthawi yaitali nthawi. Kwa miyezi yambiri asilikali a makamu otsutsana sanathe patsogolo ngakhale kilometre.

maphunziro

Ogwirizana mu nkhope ya British ndi French anavomera pakati pawo nagonjetsa cohesive. Udindo waukulu inakonzedwa kale mbali Republican, koma British anayamba kugwira ntchito thandizo. Zinali nkhondo ya Somme, lomwe ndi limodzi mwa nkhondo zoipitsitsa nkhondo.

Malinga ndi dongosolo, ndi Entente ogwirizana ankamenya pa amadzibisa atatu: Russian, Italy ndi French. Mfundo za zokambirana mu December 1915 m'tauni ya Chantilly mu Picardie. Italy ndi Russia ndiyamba unathandiza mu June, pamene nagonjetsa Somme chinali July 1.

Ophunzira anali makamu asanu, atatu French ndi awiri English. Komabe, nkhondo ya Somme sanapite momwe munakonzera, pamene nambala yaikulu asilikali anafera Verdun (cha m'ma 160 zikwi). Front, umene bungwe amanyansidwa anali ndi m'lifupi makilomita 40. Pa malo analamula asilikali Fayolle ndi Rawlinson. Total oyang'anira Ferdinand Foch. chitetezo German chinkhoswe Fritz Von Pansipa.

Ngakhale pa siteji mapulani zinaonekeratu kuti asilikali a Somme adzakhala yaitali ndi yovuta nkhondo kuti amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zonse zilipo. Derali anali zinamenyanitsa ndi zambiri mizere ndi kunkhondo. Lamulo kuyembekezera kuti zida zankhondo oyamba kusakaza aliyense mzere, ndiye adzatenga oyenda. Izo zinkayenera kuti mobwerezabwereza mpaka kugwa otsiriza redoubt.

nagonjetsa

Poyamba, malo German anali kuti zipolopolo ndi zida zankhondo. maphunziro anayamba pamaso amanyansidwa zikuluzikulu pa June 24. Lonse sabata redoubts ndi mtima wa asilikali German mwadongosolo kotheratu kuti njira oyenda udindo chitetezo mdani. Zowawa ndi mfuti. Pansi pafupi theka mayunitsi nkhondowo-wokonzeka anali kudzipatula.

Pamene Mulungu anafuna, ndi oyenda n'kupita July 1. Pa tsiku loyamba anapha osachepera 20 zikwi asilikali a ku Britain, monga kutumikira aboma Corps ku madera a ufumuwo. Pa pambali bwino analephera udindo wa mdani, pamene kumanzere ndi kuyesa chomwecho analephera ndipo idatha ambiri zomvetsa irrecoverable. Ena mwa French pa maziko awa patsogolo patali ndipo anaopsezedwa chilengedwe ndi maonekedwe a "mphika". Choncho Fayolle anauza asilikali ake sitepe kakang'ono kumbuyo ndi kuwalola iwo andipeze ndi adani.

Pamalo nkhondo

Nagonjetsa inali yowawa kwambiri, zimene zinali zambiri khalidwe la lonse Yoyamba ya Dziko lonse. Lililonse kilometre anapatsidwa mtengo wa ambiri akuvutika. Nthawi zina asilikali anali kubwerera ku malo chaka chapitacho, anaphedwa ndi kumanzere kwa akapolo anzawo akale. m'malire Prewar la France, Belgium ndi Germany inasanduka kumanda.

Ndi July, palibe magulu sanathe Mokhumbira njira. Choncho, Nkhondo ya Somme limachokera ku gulu lonse yatsopano, ndi inasamutsidwa kuchoka amadzibisa ena. Posachedwapa Germany ankaona kuchepa kwa asilikali, ngati likufanana ndi zochitika mu Ulaya anayamba Brusilovski amanyansidwa wa Russian asilikali kummawa. Panali chandamale cha kumuukira Austria ndi Germany anayenera Mpangeni kwambiri a asilikali ndi zida, osati kupeza mtendere Gulu lake kumbuyo kwa Nicholas II.

zikutha m'mayiko a ku Germany

Mwa September, nkhondo ya attrition anatembenukira kwa Germany kuti iwo anakakamizika suspend cha zochita zake tiponye nkhondo yomenyana ndi British ndi French. Izi zinali yofunika kunasintha zochitika zimene zinathandiza kuti Nkhondo ya Somme. Chifukwa cha zochita zoterozo zinali zosachita kufunsa: adani anaganiza kubwereza July zikuluzikulu zolawula.

Mwamasamu, magulu awiri kuti mkangano zinali ndi 58 ndi 40 magulu osati mu mtima wa Germany. Kuti kuukitsa makhalidwe a asilikali wolema, asilikali anabwera wolowa ufumu wa Bavaria Rupprecht. The English anati kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya akasinja ntchito nkhondo. Zinali chitsanzo Mark V, ndi wogwidwa mfuti mfuti (malingana kasinthidwe). Galimoto inali yosatha, osalimba ndi inefficient. Komabe, kwathunthu nkhongono ku Germany, amene sanadziwe kuti anali kukonzekera nkhondo ya Somme. Tsiku nkhondo miyezi inayi (1 July - 18 November).

zotsatira

Ya masika a British ndi French patsogolo makilomita 37, kenako itatha nkhondo ya Somme. Mwachidule ndi skirmishes sporadically anapitiriza. Front metering mu wodikira lotsatira. Zasonyezanso kuti zomvetsa unakhetsedwa Germany ndipo anapereka adani kanthu njira pa siteji yotsiriza ya nkhondo. Kwambiri zinachitikira mgwirizano walola likulu la Britain ndi France agwirire zochita zawo mogwira mtima kwambiri mu ntchito m'tsogolo.

Adani anataya pa zosayembekezereka wa anthu pafupifupi 146 zikwi anaphedwa ndi 450.000 ndiwobvulazidwa. Ziwalo kukhala wolumala kwa moyo, ndi zonse chifukwa cha zida zatsopano, monga mortars. The Germany anasiya nkhondo 164.000 akufa ndi 300,000 anagwera mu zipatala.