History of Siberia. Kufufuza ndi chitukuko cha Siberia

Mwala lamba wamkulu, Urals, anatambasula ndi expanses lalikulu la Siberia. Kudera limeneli chimakwirira pafupifupi atatu kotala ya malo okwana dziko. Siberia kuposa wachiwiri kukula (pambuyo Russia) m'chigawo cha dziko - Canada. Opitirira mamiliyoni khumi makilomita lalikulu zasungidwa mu chifuwa sizidzatha ake nkhokwe zachilengedwe, pamene bwino ntchito, zokwanira moyo ndi chitukuko mibadwo yambiri.

Kampeni ya Mwala m'Galimoto

Chiyambi cha chitukuko cha Siberia nkhani zaka zomalizira za ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo. Kumudzi yabwino patsogolo kwambiri m'tchire ili ndi bwinja nthawi m'mphepete panali Urals ambiri chosagawanika mwini umene unali Stroganov wamalonda banja. Ntchito mothandizidwa ndi Moscow tsars, iwo anali madera akuluakulu a dziko, limene panali makumi atatu ndi anayi m'midzi ndi m'matauni ndi Solvychegodsk obisika. Iwo anali ndi unyolo forts, anatambasula pamodzi malire ndi chuma cha Khan Kuchum.

History of Siberia, kukhala enieni, kupambana kwake Russian Cossacks anayamba ndi chakuti mafuko mmenemo anakana kulipira pa Russian Tsar yasyk - msonkho zomwe iwo ankalipira msonkho kwa zaka zambiri. Komanso, mphwake wa wolamulirayo - Khan Kuchum - ndi gulu lalikulu la asilikali okwera pamahatchi anapanga mndandanda wa anawazunza m'midzi a banja Stroganov. Kuti adziteteze alendo ngati osafunika amalonda olemera ganyu Cossacks kutsogoleredwa ndi Ataman Vasily Timofeevich Alenin dzina Ermak. Pansi pa dzina ili analowa mbiri Russian.

Masitepe oyamba mu dera wosadziwika

Mu September 1582 ndi detachment cha mazana asanu ndi makumi asanu munthu anayamba ulendo wake lodziwika bwino kwa Urals. Zinali ngati Kupezeka kwa Siberia. Mu njira ya Cossacks sizinatheke. Chitata okhala kumadera amenewo, komanso kuposa mphamvu zawo, koma otsika nkhondo. Iwo pafupifupi sankadziwa mfuti ngati ambiri pa nthawi imeneyo ku Russia, nathawa mantha nthawi iliyonse munamva ananyoza.

Cha Russian Khan anatumiza mphwake Mametkula ndi asilikali zikwi khumi. nkhondo kunachitika mu za Tobol Mtsinje. Ngakhale ukulu wawo n'zosangalatsa kumva, ndi Chitata anagonjetsedwa. Cossacks, kumanga bwino, pafupi ndi likulu Khan a Kashlyk pano potsiriza adzaphwanya m'dani. Anaumba mbuye m'mphepete adathamanga, zigawenga mphwake analandidwa. Kuchokera tsiku limenelo Khanate pafupifupi unatha. History of Siberia zimapangitsa wozungulira latsopano.

Nkhondo ndi alendo

Masiku amenewo, ambiri Chitata mafuko Kumvetsela anagonjetsa mwa iwo ndi makhwawa awo. Ndalama iwo sanadziwe ndi yasyk wanu analipira tsitsi. Popeza kugonjetsedwa kwa Kuchum anthu awa anabwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa tsar Russian, ndi ngolo ndi sables ndi martens anali anakoka kutali Moscow. mankhwala lofunika nthawi zonse ndipo kulikonse mu ankafuna kwambiri, ndipo makamaka - mu msika European.

Komabe, si mafuko onse tavomereza mosalephera. Ena a iwo anapitiriza kukana, ngakhale wofooka chaka ndi chaka. asilikali Cossack anapitiriza ulendo wawo. Mu 1584, iye anamwalira ndi lodziwika bwino mtsogoleri Ermak Timofeevich. Izo zinachitika, monga zambiri zimachitika mu Russia, chifukwa chosasamala, ndiponso kunyalanyaza - pa limodzi la oyima zina si poyera nthawi. Izo zinachitika chimodzimodzi kuti anathawa kutatsala masiku ochepa anabweretsa ukapolo mdani detachment usiku. Masuku pamutu ndi udindo woyang'anira Cossacks, iwo mwadzidzidzi anaukira anayamba kudula anthu akugona. Ermak, zothaŵa, analumphira mu mtsinje, koma chachikulu zida - ndi mphatso Ivana Groznogo - chidwi pansi.

Kukhala chigawo anagonjetsa

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, anayamba yogwira chitukuko cha Western Siberia. Zotsatirazi asilikali Cossack anali okokedwa ndi alenje nayonso m'chipululu, alimi, atsogoleri, ndipo, ndithudi, akuluakulu anati. Onse amene zinayendera mapiri a Ural, kukhala anthu. Panalibe serfdom, kapena landlordism. kulipira okha msonkho anapereka boma. akomweko komanso, ngati tatchulazi, adamangidwa yasykom ubweya. Nthawi imeneyi, revenues ku malisiti chuma ku ubweya Siberia ndi zopereka chofunika kwa bajeti Russian.

History of Siberia yogwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha dongosolo la forts - kumbuyo (imene, mwa njira, kenako anakula ambiri a mumzindawo), amene anali ngati outposts kuti akagonjetse mopitirira derali. Choncho, 1604 idamangidwa mzinda wa Tomsk, amene anadzakhala waukulu pakati zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Patapita kanthawi pang'ono, panali Kuznetsky ndi Yenisei mphamvu m'ndende. Iwo midzi ya asilikali ankhondo ndi makonzedwe a, kulamulira zosonkhanitsira yasyka.

Documents wa zaka zikusonyeza mfundo zambiri za ziphuphu pakati pa akuluakulu a boma. Ngakhale kuti tsitsi onse anabwera ku chuma cha chilamulo Akuluakulu ena ndi Cossacks amagwira kusonkhanitsa msonkho mpweya malamulo okhazikika, kupatsa kusiyana mu mtima mwawo. Ngakhale ndiye, kusamvera ngati koopsa, ndipo ife tikudziwa Nthawi zambiri pamene osirira analipira chifukwa cha kuchita mwa ufulu ndi moyo wawo.

Komanso malowedwe mu magawo atsopano

Makamaka kwambiri kulamulira ndondomeko anayamba pakutha pa Nthawi ya Mavuto. Cholinga cha onse amene amadzinenera kuyang'ana chimwemwe latsopano m'madera unexplored, inali nthawi iyi kum'mawa Siberia. Zimenezi anapita othamanga kwambiri mayendedwe, ndi cha m'ma XVII Russian anafika Pacific gombe. Ndi nthawi iyi panali latsopano dongosolo boma - Siberia Dipatimenti. udindo wake m'gulu kukhazikitsidwa madera kasamalidwe latsopano kuti lizilamuliridwa ndi akazembe nominating amene anali m'munda mwa oimira ulamuliro pa mphamvu wachifumu.

Komanso yasychnogo mndandanda wa tsitsi, anapanga kugula kwa tsitsi, amene mawerengedwe a kunachitidwa osati ndalama, ndi mitundu yonse ya katundu: nkhwangwa, macheka, zida zosiyanasiyana, komanso nsalu. History, mwatsoka, pali milandu yambiri ya nkhanza. Nthawi zambiri mwankhanza akuluakulu ndi akulu Cossack itha am'deralo chipolowe, amene anayika pansi ndi mphamvu.

Malangizo waukulu kulamulira

Kum'mawa Siberia katswiri mbali ziwiri: kumpoto m'mphepete mwa nyanja nyanja, ndi kum'mwera malire mzere pafupi izo ndi States. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVII izo inathetsedwa ndi Russia gombe Irtysh ndi ob, ndi zapambuyo pawo, ndipo m'madera ambiri moyandikana ndi Yenisei. Iwo anakhazikitsidwa ndipo anayamba kumanga mizinda ngati Tyumen, Tobolsk ndi Krasnoyarsk. Onse a iwo amayenera adzakhale yaikulu mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe malo.

Kukwezeleza Komanso ya atsamunda Russian ikuchitika makamaka pa Lena Mtsinje. Apa mu 1632 inamangidwa linga, amene wafunsira mzinda wa Yakutsk - zofunika kwambiri pa mfundo nthawi Buku mu pofuna kukwaniritsa madera kumpoto ndi kum'mawa. Makamaka chifukwa cha ichi kale zaka ziwiri kenako Cossacks kutsogoleredwa ndi Ivan Moskvin anakwanitsa kufika ku gombe la Pacific Ocean, ndipo ofufuza posachedwa Russian choyamba anaona Kuril Islands ndi Sakhalin.

Kupambana kwa m'mphepete kuthengo

History of Siberia ndi Far East akadali zimasunga kukumbukira wapaulendo kwambiri - Cossack Semyon Dezhnev. Mu 1648 iye ndi detachment lotsogoleredwa ndi iye pa zotengera angapo kwa nthawi yoyamba analambalala gombe la North Asia, ndipo anatsimikizira kukhalako kwa chopapatiza yomwe alekanitsa Siberia ku America. Imodzi ndi wapaulendo wina, Pojar, kudutsa kum'mwera kwa dziko la Siberia ndi kudzuka ku Amur, anakwanitsa nyanja ya Okhotsk.

Ngakhale patapita kanthawi chagonera Nerchinsk. Mtengo wake makamaka anatsimikiza chifukwa chakuti chifukwa cha Cossacks kum'mawa kuyandikira China, amene amanena kuti m'madera amenewa. Pa nthawi imene Russian Ufumu anafika m'malire zachilengedwe. Zaka zotsatira izo ndondomeko azilandira kuphatikiza akwaniritsa pa kulamulira zotsatira zake.

Malamulo okhudzana ndi magawo atsopano

Mbiri ya m'zaka 19 Siberia amakhala ndi chochuluka zaluso makamaka utsogoleri anayambitsa mu moyo derali. Mmodzi wa oyambirira anali wotsimikiziridwa mu 1822 mwadzina lamulo la Alexander Ine, gulu la m'dera lalikulu mu awiri ambiri-boma. Tobolsk anakhala pakati pa West ndi East - Irkutsk. Nawonso, ogaŵikana zigawo, ndipo iwo - pa bwalo la chigawocho ndi inorodcheskih. Kusinthika anali chifukwa cha kusintha odziwika M. M. Speranskogo.

Chaka chomwecho anaona kuunika zochita khumi malamulo yolembedwa ndi mfumu ndi malamulo mbali zonse za utsogoleri, chuma ndi malamulo moyo. chidwi mu chikalata ichi anapatsidwa nkhani zokhudza chitukuko cha malo amene akuvutika ndi ufulu ndiponso kuti kutumikira m'ndende. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma XIX chilango ukapolo ndi mphamvu m'ndende akhala mbali ya m'derali.

Siberia pa mapu a zaka lili ndi mayina a migodi, ntchito zimene zinachitika yekha m'manja mwa akaidi. Nerchin izi, ndi Trans-Baikal ndi Grace ndi ena ambiri. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka chachikulu a ku mwa ophunzira za Decembrists ndi kupanduka Polish mu 1831 boma ngakhale kuphatikiza m'chigawo onse Siberia kuyang'aniridwa ndi mwapadera zachinyengo Gendarmerie District.

Chiyambi cha mafakitale wa m'mphepete

Za mafakitale zazikulu zimene mwalandira nthawi imeneyi chitukuko yaikulu, tisaiwale woyamba wa zonse ulimi wa golide. Mwa mwezi wa atumwi zinali mbali yaikulu ya buku okwana chitsulo chabwinocho opangidwa mu dziko. Komanso chachikulu revenues anthu anachokera makampani migodi, amene kwambiri chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi iyi buku la migodi. Mukhale ndi ena ambiri anakulira.

M'zaka latsopano

Mu XX m'ma, ndi kutsogolera kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa dera anali pomanga Trans-Siberia Railway. History of Siberia mu nthawi pambuyo chosintha mwadzaza sewero. Pamene iye chinapululutsa expanses wokhala mu lonse fratricidal nkhondo, imene inatha mu liquidation wa White kuyenda ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet. Pa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo m'chigawo anasamutsidwa mabizinezi ambiri mafakitale ndi asilikali. Mogwirizana ndi ichi kwambiri kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha midzi yambiri.

Amadziwika kuti kokha kwa nyengo ya 1941-1942. apa pakubwera anthu oposa miliyoni. Mu nthawi nkhondoyo, pamene ambiri omwe adamangidwa mafakitale akuluakulu zomera mphamvu ndi mizere sitima ndi kuchuluka kwambiri alendo chinalembedwa - anthu onse amene nyumba yatsopano kukhala Siberia. Mapuwa dera lalikulu panali mayina kuti akhala zizindikiro za lothandiza kwa - Baikal-Amur Mainline, Bratsk HPP, Novosibirsk ndi zambiri.