Ganizo ndale za Ages Middle

ganizo ndale za Ages Middle ndi mbali ya nzeru akale. Mosakayikira, anali Agiriki ndi Aroma ndiponso kugonjera m'Baibulo anawapatsa zambiri zakuthupi aluntha monga reinterpretation pa nkhani ya njira akale maganizo, ndi ukasintha zosiyana ndi zimene zinkachitika mu Greece wakale, Roma kapena dziko Chiheberi. ganizo la ndale za dzikoli wakale wa nthawi mochedwa amakedzana anasankhidwa monga poyambira chifukwa chizindikiro kuzindikira pagulu ndiyeno ulamuliro wa Chikhristu, zomwe zinthu kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha maganizo akale ndale.

Kumayambiriro Ages Middle mu West, anthu ankakhala m'dziko limene chikhulupiriro cha Akristu mopepuka. Zinali kopanda onse a moyo kusasintha. Mfundo ndi maganizo a Tchalitchi cha Katolika lamulo ndale si zosiyana. Olamulira ankaona kuti ndi udindo wawo kuthandiza umoyo wa Mpingo. Papa, mabishopu, Apapa akamanyalanyaza kumbuyo kukhulupirika kwa malamulo andale. Tikhoza kunena kuti panali mtundu wa "chitukuko Mkhristu", limene mbali zonse za moyo (ndale, chikhalidwe, zaluso, mankhwala ndi zina zotero) anatsimikiza pa nkhani ya chikhulupiliro cha chikhristu.

ganizo ndale za Ages Middle zachokera mfundo apangidwa pakati pa ulamuliro wa Mfumu Constantine (zaka 306-37) ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za chitatu, pamene West anaona kuwuka kwa mphamvu ya Carolingian. malingaliro awa coexisted ndi alumikizirana ndi njira mwangwiro akale maganizo.

Ndipo ngati mu oyambirira Ages Middle, phindu la cholowa anali yaing'ono, ndiye, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka khumi, panali kukonzanso kutsegula magwero osiyanasiyana a maganizo andale a dziko wakale - monga ya malamulo a Aroma yapachiweniweni singaimitse ntchitoyi "Codification wa Justinian» (Corpus iuris civilis), ntchito ya Aristotle, likupezeka m'Mabaibulo Latin. M'zaka akhumi izo yapita patsogolo maphunziro Paris, Bologna, Oxford ndi kwina. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za chakhumi ndi chitatu, anapanga bungwe lotchedwa mayunivesite, pamene nzeru wakhala anaphunzira mmalire a luso, komanso pa zochitachita za zamulungu. mafunso Research anali malamulo ofunika kwambiri, ndipo malingaliro anayamba mukopedwe malingaliro andale.

Political akatswiri akale amanena kuti cholinga chachikulu - ndi kulimbikitsa chiphunzitso cha Chikhristu, ndipo pamapeto pake kupeza moyo wosatha. Mpingo mwa anzeru, nzeru ena, azamulungu ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti Thomas Aquinas. Iye kuposa nzeru zapamwamba wina uliwonse, ngakhale Avreliy Avgustin, anaika maziko a ziphunzitso losagonjetseka mfundo ya Tchalitchi cha Katolika.

Akhristu oyambirira (ndale) nzeru Augustine anali wolemera maganizo a Plato. Mkhristu anaganiza kuti "pokonza" Stoicism ndi chiphunzitso cha chilungamo cha dziko wakale. Mu ntchito zake wotchuka - "The City a Mulungu" - mbiri ya anthu Augustine inali kuperekedwa ngati mkangano madera awiri, "matalala la kunthaka" ndi "City wa Mulungu", tchimo ndi Mulungu, amene kudzamalizira kulowa mu chigonjetso cha mtsogolo.

chiphunzitso Political Fomy Akvinskogo chikuchita ndi mitundu ya malamulo. Malinga ndi iye, pali malamulo anayi: The malamulo dziko la Mulungu, lamulo la Mulungu monga mwa malembo, malamulo achilengedwe kapena malamulo chilengedwe khalidwe; lamulo la anthu, kapena malamulo apadera kuti zikhudza zochitika zenizeni. Malinga ndi ziphunzitso Fomy Akvinskogo, cholinga chakupezeka anthu - ndi mgwirizano ndi mgonero wosatha ndi Mulungu.

Koma lingaliro ndale za Ages Middle ndipo kugwirizana ndi vuto zofunika kwambiri. Kodi bwino chimatanthauza chikhalidwe cha chinthu? A njira yotakata kwa tanthauzo la nkhani malinga ndi peculiarities wa ganizo akale ndale ndi magwero kuti kuthandiza mbiri yakale kukubwezerani. Kuphunzira mfundo zandale, ndithudi, pazikhalanso yotchula boma, ngakhale kwambiri akuti "boma" pa Ages Middle akanakhoza kukhala osayenera zina zimene zimasiyana maganizo pano. Iye sakanakhoza kwenikweni ntchito kufotokoza mbali cha dziko m'bungwe ndale, Mulimonsemo, pamaso m'ma akhumi, ngakhale kuti pali asayansi ena kudziwa ngati ganizo la boma kale mu nthawi oyambirira, monga m'nyengo Carolingian.

Kuvuta kwa kafukufuku lagona pa chikhalidwe cha magwero okha. ganizo ndale za Ages Middle sangathe kwathunthu kuzindikiridwa kokha mwa ntchito za ambiri mwa anzeru. Ambiri akale olemba, pamene tikambirana nkhani ya vutoli kwenikweni anali azamulungu, nzeru ena, jurists, ndi malingaliro andale sankafuna chidwi kwambiri ankakhulupirira. Koma Mulimonsemo, ndi lathu ozindikira za aphunzitsi awa ayenera kumwedwa nkhani akamamasulira funso - komanso ntchito publicists nawo mikangano pakati pa apapa ndiponso olamulira aboma. chidwi ziperekedwe kwa zinthu malamulo - chifukwa cha ntchito Tchalitchi cha anthu kumayambiriro Ages Middle, ngati nkhani ecclesiological atenga kufunika ndale.

Komanso, m'pofunika kuganizira ndi zina osiyanasiyana, kusonyeza kuti wa coronations ya mafumu, ndi ndondomeko ya zochitika m'mbiri - zonse zomangira kuti sali okha mwachindunji komanso njira zina zokhudza ndale kumvetsa asapita ndale.