Ndi sikelo ya nthawi Geological chiyani?

ndi sikelo Kodi nthawi miyala? Chomwe analengedwera? Awa ndi mafunso ena akhoza kupeza mayankho mu nkhani. Geological nthawi lonse (stratigraphic lonse) amatchedwa zosatha lonse la mbiri miyala ya Earth. Izo ntchito mu paleontology ndi nthaka - mtundu wa kalendala kwa intervals yaikulu kwambiri nthawi.

M'badwo wa dziko lathuli

Inu simukudziwa zimene lonse geochronological nthawi miyala? Akatswiri m'badwo wa Earth Akuti pa zaka mabiliyoni 4.6. Padziko lathuli, tinapeza mchere ndi miyala kuti akhoza umboni chilengedwe chake. Kuchepetsa ukalamba a Dziko Lapansi yafupika m'badwo wa mayunitsi oyambirira olimba dongosolo lathu mapulaneti - refractory inclusions wolemera mu kashiamu ndi zotayidwa (anauzidwa) wa chondrites carbonaceous.

Potsatira zotsatira za patsogolo kuyezetsa ureniamu-kutsogolera njira anauzidwa zaka Allende kugwa kwa miyala yochokera ndi zaka 4.568.500.000. Panopa, ndi lingaliro kwa zaka dongosolo la zowalitsa imatengedwa molondola kwambiri. Earth akhoza kupangidwa zambiri pasanafike nthawi ino - pa makumi angapo kapena mazana zaka mamilioni.

Geological nthawi lonse - wokongola ndimasewera zinthu. Nthawi wotsatira mu mbiri Dziko Lapansi lagawidwa intervals osiyana nthawi. malire awo zimakhudza zochitika zofunika zimene zinachitika.

The malire pakati pa Phanerozoic ukuonekera pa nthawi ya zochitika zazikulu zamoyo zinachita - ikutha lonse. Kuchokera Mesozoic Paleozoic analekanitsa lalikulu m'mbiri ya Triassic-permovym dziko lapansi mofulumira mitundu. Cainozoe ndi Mezozoic anagawa choko-paleogene kuwonongedwa.

Nkhani ya lonse la

Iwo analenga Geological nthawi lonse? Nomenclature ndi akuluakulu ambiri pano mayunitsi geochronological anatengedwa mu 1881-1900 gg. II-VII owathandiza Ochokera M'mayiko Osiyanasiyana Apereka Geological msonkhano. Kenako World geochronological lonse zonse woyengedwa.

nthawi anatchulidwa pa malo osiyanasiyana. The kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito maina lawolawo. Kotero dzina la nthawi Devonian anabwera ku chigawocho wa Devonshire mu England, Jurassic - kuchokera European Jura mapiri, Permian - mzinda wa Perm, ndi Mathanthwe - kuchokera Latin. Cambria, maina a Wales.

Vendian, Silurian ndi Ordovician magawo ali ndi mayina mafuko wakale. Mayina kugwirizana ndi mitundu zikuchokera, sizikuthandiza atazolowera. Malasha lothandiza otchedwa chifukwa cha nambala yaikulu matabwa malasha, ndi choko - chifukwa popularization lolembapo choko.

maziko a zomangamanga

Geological nthawi lonse linalengedwa kudziwa makonzedwe geognozicheskogo zaka miyala. Mtheradi ukalamba amayezedwa zaka, chifukwa Akatswiriwa n'kofunika sekondale.

Earthliving kugawidwa m'mbali ziwiri zikuluzikulu: kriptozoy (Precambrian) ndi Phanerozoic, pa zosayembekezereka m'matanthwe nyanja zatsalira chachikale chinkawavuta. Mu kriptozoe analipo yekha zofewa wamphamvu zamoyo kuti musatisiye kuda mu matope a. Izi gawo la moyo yosaoneka.

Phanerozoic anayamba panthawi ya nawonso ndi Ediacaria Mathanthwe (Vendian) mitundu Unyinji wa nkhono ndi zamoyo zina, kulola zokwiriridwa kupatukana ndime ku amapeza wa malasha zinyama ndi zomera.

Geological nthawi lonse Lapansi mmodzi zambiri magawano lalikulu, lomwe losiyana zoyesayesa oyamba anagawa mbiri ya dziko lathu pa nthawi ya intervals waukulu. Kenako amafotokoza lonse lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu nyengo zinayi: chachikulu, zofanana Precambrian, yachiwiri - Mesozoic ndi Paleozoic, ukachenjede - kwathunthu popanda komaliza Cenozoic Quaternary nyengo. Quaternary gawo ali ndi udindo wapadera. Ndi mkombero kakang'ono, panali chiwerengero chachikulu cha zochitika, ndi kuda amene anapulumuka bwino kuposa ena.

zosawerengeka

Geological nthawi lonse - ndi chida koyenera kuti aliyense madera. Kriptozoy kapena Precambrian anali 4bn malo - zaka miliyoni 542 zapitazo. Oo amakhala kuti majeremusi analibe zipolopolo mwakhama ndi mafupa. pamaso pawo ndipo mbiri kovuta kudziwa, koma kulemba kawirikawiri pa miyala.

Nthawi chimango wa Phanerozoic - zaka miliyoni 542 zapitazo mpaka pano. Tanthauzo mwa zigawo olimba padziko zamoyo ndi mafupa, kotero amafotokoza za chitukuko cha moyo unkagwiritsidwa mothandizidwa a mafupa. Chobisika Moyo ankadutsa zolaula, zikuoneka chifukwa chakuti mlengalenga mwadzaza mpweya. Kenako ozoni, kuteteza chilengedwe kuti dzikoli kutentha kwa malo.

kusintha mumlengalenga chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwa thupi. Mwinamwake anachititsanso kuti kutha kwa mitundu imene mpweya ndi poyizoni.

Palaeozoic

Kotero, ife tikudziwa kale zimene Geological nthawi lonse la Phanerozoic. Ndipo Paleozoic ndi chiyani? Ndi moyo wakale umene unalipo zaka miliyoni 542-251 nazazh, "pamaso zinyamazi lapansi." Iwo kugawidwa m'mbali otsatirawa:

• Mathanthwe gawo zaka miliyoni 542-488 zapitazo. Ndi kwenikweni moyo nyanja. Gulu ambiri unicellular ndi trilobites. Komabe, nyama zosiyanasiyana monga izo sizidzakhala konse mu mbiri (tikhoza kunena "Mathanthwe kuphulika").
• nthawi Ordovician zaka miliyoni 488-444 zapitazo. Common nkhono ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Panali invertebrates choyamba - jawless nsomba ngati ndi zomera lapansi.
• Silurian siteji: zaka miliyoni 444-416 zapitazo. Tizilombo ndi zomera ndinazolowera dziko, pali jawed nsomba. Moyo wa nyanja ndi nyanja wayamba amafanana pano.
• Devonian imeneyi: zaka miliyoni 416-359 zapitazo. tizilombo aliyense, akangaude nthata. nthaka amapezeka. Lobe-finned ndi lungfish ndinazolowera okha moyo pa dziko.
• Mpweya kapena malasha gawo zaka miliyoni 359-299 zapitazo. Tsimikizani ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zochititsa chidwi za zomera m'dziko (mu nthawi yapita icho pa Dziko Lapansi inali yofanana). Pali arthropods chimphona, zokwawa. Tizilombo nacho ndege woona. zithaphwi ambiri, monga mabakiteriya imene yatsala zomera tiribe nthawi kuti akonzanso. Nyanja ndi nyanja ulamuliro Nsombayi ndi zina cartilaginous nsomba.
• Permian kapena Permian Nyengo: zaka miliyoni 299-251 zapitazo. Padziko Lapansi, iwo anabadwa mwa archosaurs choyamba - makolo a zinyamazi, ndi Cynodont heterodonta - makolo mwachindunji nyama. Kukhala zveroyaschery zikuluzikulu, monga dimetrodon kusonkhanitsa dzuwa ntchito "mathanga".

Nyengo Mesozoic

Ngakhale ana mukudziwa zimenezo Geological nthawi lonse. Kalasi 7, mogwirizana ndi pulogalamu sukulu, akuphunzira nkhani. Ana mukudziwa kuti Mesozoic - ndi nthawi ya zinyamazi, amene analipo zaka miliyoni 251-65,5 zapitazo. imeneyi amadziwika m'zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Triassic: zaka miliyoni 251-200 zapitazo. The zosiyanasiyana inakhala kwambiri kuchepa ngati zachitika mu dziko zikuchititsa kuti konsekonse. Pali ng'ona, achule, megazastrodony (nyama oona), akamba ndi pterosaurs - ndi inakhala koyamba kuti kuwuluka.
• Jurassic: zaka miliyoni 200-146 zapitazo. Mu madzi nyanja abuluzi kutsogozedwa, dziko - zinyamazi, ndi mpweya - pterosaurs. Nyama Jurassic ang'ono kwambiri ndi amafanana makoswe ndi insectivores - imodzi yokha kagawo kakang'ono kuti perepala iwo pambuyo zokwawa.
• Cretaceous nthawi: zaka miliyoni 146-65,5 zapitazo. Ambiri dinosaur mitundu umalandira kukula kwake pazipita. Pali tizilombo chikhalidwe, zomera maluwa, njoka, mbalame pano, nyama placental.

ikutha

Amene mukufuna madera? Geological nthawi lonse - mmodzi wa mokoma chofunika kwambiri nkhaniyo. Amadziwika kuti Mesozoic ndi Cenozoic magawo wotchuka kwambiri, koma osati kutha ochuluka kuposa m'mbiri ya dziko lathu. Ngakhale microfauna lonse osaonekanso, kuphatikizapo nyanja. Akatswiri anatulukira kwambiri umboni wa masoka a nthawi imeneyo, koma mfundo ndi ndondomeko ya kafukufuku mpaka tsopano.

m'munsi The imatengedwa kugwa chachikulu chammwamba awiri a 11 Km (more Everest) m'dera Yucatán.

nyengo Cainozoic

Nthawi chimango wa Cenozoic: zaka miliyoni 65,5 zapitazo - lero. Zimenezi imakhala nthawi:

• Paleogene gawo (65.5 - miliyoni 23 zapitazo).
• mkombero Neogene (miliyoni 23 - zaka miliyoni 2,588 zapitazo).
• Anthropogenic (Quaternary) mlingo (zaka miliyoni 2,588 zapitazo, lero).

neocene

Kwambiri wotchedwa Wonenedwa Geological lothandiza, lomwe m'tsogolo adzafika m'malo Holocene. Popeza tsogolo siinafike, pangakhale njira zambiri masomphenya ake. Komabe, akatswiri anganeneretu zinthu zina, zochokera mfundo za kusintha ziliri pa dziko: malangizo ndi liwiro la kayendedwe ka dziko lonselo, ndi lathu kuweramira olamulira dziko lapansi, kutembenukira nyanja mafunde.