Social chiyambi cha munthu ndi muyezo wa zofuna za magulu chikhalidwe mu Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe

Natural ndi chikhalidwe padziko limachitika mwa dongosolo chikhalidwe. The yamasika anatilamula lonse, kuphatikizapo anthu ndiponso a moyo kuti amaphatikiza kugwirizana osiyana ndi maubwenzi. Kukhala gulu chotero izo kale kuwamva monga chiyambi pachisangalalo. Komanso, munthu ali zosiyanasiyana zikhalidwe, chuma, zandale ndi zauzimu linakhalapo, mapangidwe ndi ntchito, zomwe kawirikawiri otchedwa malo ochezera.

Kachitidwe chikhalidwe ali malamulo yake yeniyeni imene mozama ndipo umakula. Maziko a malamulo amenewa pa zimene zimachitika pakati pa anthu. Buber akufuna kuzitcha izo zimachitika "Ine-iwe", Maks Veber ankakhulupirira kuti anamanga maubwenzi anu onse chikhalidwe, Pitirim Sorokin ndi Yudzhin Habermas chimaonekera kuti chiphunzitso cha kulankhulana. Dzhon Mill ankaganiza kuti banja lochokera komanso chimagwira ntchito mu mogwirizana ichi, chifukwa, monga ulamuliro, ifenso timalimbana ndi zochita ndi zilakolako za anthu a makalasi osiyanasiyana.

Zochitika za dongosolo chikhalidwe cholukanalukana ndi tinjira analamula ndi khola nsinga za dongosolo anaitana anthu. Ndi chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana - ichi Chigawo cha ntchito, ndi chikhalidwe cha chiyambi cha anthu otsata magulu osiyana ndi makalasi, ndi kumenyana ndi zofuna zawo. magulu mwini chikhalidwe - ndi kokhazikika gulu la anthu ndi zinthu wamba, zolinga, mfundo ndi malamulo a khalidwe ndi kupanga mkati wina siteji mbiri ya chitukuko cha dziko. Mwachitsanzo, mu India wakale, magulu anali varna. Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira anthu, zochokera kugawanika zofanana, anali chitsanzo kwa Plato, anatamanda iye dialogues wake "Malamulo" ndi "Pa boma."

The nzeru za boma, lomwe woyamba adawomba zodziwika a moyo, uli kuti Thomas Hobbes. Ntchito zake "ng'ona" Iye ananenanso kuti anthu wapangidwa ndi nambala inayake ya anthu, ogwirizana ndi zinthu wamba kapena malonda. Iwo allocated kuitanitsa ndipo unordered gulu, komanso kucheza ndi wapadera kapena ndale.

The Great French kuukira boma ndi zotsatira zake amakakamizidwa nzeru ena kupendanso udindo wa magulu kapena makalasi mu ndondomeko mbiri. Ambiri mwa olemba mbiri English - m'nthawi zochitika - ankaona ulimi conspiracies ndi coups, amasokoneza njira yachibadwa ya zochitika. Hegel kwenikweni anawombera m'manja ulimi, kunena kuti akumasula palibe konkire ndi umboni munthu komanso amathandiza kumanga anthu wamba.

Izi khalidwe chilengedwe zinachitikadi, kuonekera mu magawo a boma, anthu ndi mfundo zina kotero chidwi mbiri yakale European ndi nzeru ena a m'nthawi XIX, onse anayamba kusasangalala ndi zochitika munthu. mzimu National, kalasi kulimbana, dziko kapena chikhalidwe chiyambi cha anthu ndi zilakolako za lalikulu magulu maubale akhala mutu waukulu mtsutso aumunthu. Makamaka pachimake linali funso la chimene i kudziwa za thupi a moyo. Ngati English chuma kuganizira muyezo ngati chuma ndi ndale, Marx - asapita chuma cha njira ya ulimi, Gumplowicz - kwachilengedwenso ndi mitundu, Cooley - banja ndi banja, ndi zina zotero.

Kapangidwe makono nzeru za chikhalidwe mulinso mfundo za magulu chikhalidwe ndi makalasi, koma kumasulira osiyana. Choyamba, ndi chiphunzitso cha "sing'anga" ndi "latsopano pakati kalasi" (Kroner Aroni, Myers), ndi "stratification chikhalidwe" (Sorokin). Chiphunzitso yamasika amasonyeza mbali ndi muyezo wa stratification wa anthu m'magulu, monga ntchito, ndalama, maphunziro, maganizo, zikhulupiriro ndi zina zotero.

Komabe, striations ndi loopsali kuposa magulu ochiritsira ndi makalasi chifukwa iwo amaganiza ndi ofukula ndi yopingasa sayenda chikhalidwe monga pakati pa magulu ndi mwa iwo. Maks Veber tinakambirana zinthu zofunika kwambiri mapangidwe strata monga kutchuka chikhalidwe ndi olakwika amene amapanga monga machitidwe ndi maonekedwe komanso udindo poganiza maudindo ena chikhalidwe.