Devonian nthawi ya nyengo Paleozoic

Geological Devonian nthawi (420 - miliyoni 358 zaka zapitazo) ndiko chiyambi cha malemu Paleozoic. Pa imeneyo kunali zochitika zambiri biotic zinakhudza kwambiri chitukuko zina za moyo padziko lapansi. dongosolo Devonian anakhazikitsidwa mu 1839 asayansi Adam Sedgwick ndi Roderick Lower mu English County wa Devonshire, pambuyo amene dzina lake.

Biota

Madzulo a Devonian misa ikutha zinachitika dziko organic. mitundu yambiri makamaka ambiri mu dziko, kungoti pang'ono ndi pang'ono zinatheratu ndipo mbisoweka. Mu malo awo pali magulu atsopano a zomera ndi nyama. Ndi iwo amene kudziwa zimene ankawoneka ngati nyama ndi zomera za nthawi Devonian.

Panali kusintha kwenikweni. Tsopano moyo zachitika osati nyanja ndi matupi madzi oyera, komanso pa dziko. inakhala Ponseponse dziko ndi zomera lapansi. Devonian nyengo, ndi nyama ndi zomera zomwe anapitiriza kusintha chinali ndi zikamera wa ana a Amoni choyamba (cephalopods). Iwo anakumana ake heyday bryozoans, rugosa, mitundu ina ya brachiopods kulankhula.

Moyo m'nyanja

Pa chitukuko cha dziko organic wasinthira osati zamoyo zachilengedwe, komanso nyengo ya nthawi Devonian, komanso kwambiri kayendedwe tectonic ndi zotsatira za mlengalenga (lonse) kusintha mu zikhalidwe za malo okhala. Moyo pa nyanja wakhala zambiri osiyanasiyana monga poyerekeza ndi Silurian. Devonian nthawi ya nyengo Paleozoic amakhala ndi chitukuko chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana nsomba (asayansi ndi anachita icho "nthawi usodzi"). Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuchepa mphamvu tsistoidey, Nautiloidea, trilobites ndi graptolites.

Zolemba malire chiwerengero cha ana obadwa anafika kulankhula brachiopods. Makamaka zosiyanasiyana anali spiriferidy, atripidy, rinhonellidy ndi terebratulidy. Species imapeza ndi masiyanidwe mofulumira nthawi ankasiyana brachiopods. gulu limeneli ndilo lofunika kwambiri zokwiriridwa ndi Akatswiriwa nawo ndi kung'ambika mwatsatanetsatane madipoziti.

Devonian nthawi, imene nyama ndi zomera kusiyana ndi kuchuluka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi Nthawi zakale, kunapezeka kuti n'kofunika kuti chitukuko cha matanthwe. Pamodzi ndi bryozoans stromatoporoideyami ndipo anayamba kutenga nawo mbali pomanga am'nyanja. Iwo mothandizana zosiyanasiyana algae Mbali yokhala ngati, amene anthu nyanja Devonian.

Invertebrates ndipo inakhala

Pakati invertebrates ndi kusanduka ostracods, merostomes, tentaculites, blastoids, nyanja kakombo, urchins nyanja, thonje, gastropods ndi Conodonts. Malinga ndi zotsalira za akatswiri lomaliza lero kudziwa zaka za miyala nyanja.

Devonian nthawi zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha kufunika kuchuluka kwa inakhala. Monga tanena kuti anali "nsomba Century" - oti muli nazo zida, Bony ndi cartilaginous nsomba pamalo lalikulu. Ku misa ili Mipukutu Chatsopano gulu. Iwo anali jawless nsomba monga zamoyo. N'chifukwa chiyani inakhala izi asangalala? Mwachitsanzo, plastinokozhih ndi nsomba oti muli nazo zida kutsogolo torso ndi mutu munali chipolopolo wandiweyani zoteteza - mfundo yofunika kwambiri kulimbana kupulumuka. Zilombozi ankasiyana moyo wongokhala. Mu pakati pa Devonian sanali kokha chichereŵechereŵe, koma Akulovo. Udindo lalikulu iwo wotanganidwa ndipo kenako - mu Mesozoic.

zomera

Kumayambiriro, ndi wosiyana ndi Silurian Devonian nthawi, zakulitsa zomera kupeza malo. Iwo anayamba resettlement mofulumira ndi anatengera kwa chatsopano padziko lapansi pano. Oyambirira ndi Sredniy Devon wadutsa mu ulamuliro pa nthaka ya wosazindikira mtima zomera Rhyniophyta zimene ankalima m'madambo. Pakutha nthawi yomwe zinatha kulikonse. Mu Middle Devonian kale spore zomera (chlenistostebelnye, Lycopodiaceae ndi Mumapezekanso).

gymnosperms poyamba. Chitsamba chilichonse kusanduka mu mtengo. Makamaka mwamphamvu kufalitsa Mumapezekanso heterosporous. Kwenikweni kuuluka zomera anayamba m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kumene kunali ofunda, wofatsa ndi chinyezi nyengo. Distance from nyanja lapansi panthawi kuti zilipodi popanda zomera iliyonse.

nyengo

Nthawi Devonian amakhala ndi zonation bwino nyengo poyerekeza ndi chiyambi cha Paleozoic. East Evopeyskaya nsanja ndi Ural anali m'dera kunyanja (pafupifupi kutentha 28 - 31 ° C), Caucasus - otentha lamba (23 - 28 ° C). Ndi mmene zililinso mu Australia Western.

Louma nyengo (youma chipululu nyengo) unakhazikitsidwa mu Canada. Panthawi imeneyi m'dera la chigawo cha Saskatchewan ndi Alberta, komanso mu Mackenzie Mtsinje beseni anali ndondomeko yogwira mchere kudzikundikira. Izi chizindikiro chosiyana ku North America anasiya nthawi Devonian. Mchere anasonkhanitsa m'madera ena. Pa Siberia nsanja iliyonse mipope kimberlite akhala daimondi yaikulu madipoziti.

zigawo yonyowa

Mu Devonian mochedwa kum'mawa Siberia kuwonjezeka humidification anayamba, chifukwa cha zomwe anaonekera zigawo Polemeretsedwa oxides manganese ndi hydroxides chitsulo. Pa nthawi yomweyo chinyezi nyengo anali ndi khalidwe la madera ena a Gondwana (Uruguay, Argentina, Australia South). Iye anali wolemekezeka ndi chinyezi wa Kumwambamwamba, amene akugwa mvula kuposa akhoza seep mu nthaka ndi asanduke nthunzi.

Mu chigawo (komanso kumpoto-kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera Asia) anakakhala magulu m'madzi anasonkhanitsa limestones m'madzi. Mu Belarus, Kazakhstan ndi Siberia kukhala chinyezi variable. Kumayambiriro Devonian anapanga ambiri maiwe theka-olekanitsidwa ndi akutali mwa zomwe maofesi kanalekanitsidwa zomera. Pofika kumapeto kwa nyengo ya kusiyana pakati pa chiyambi kutchinga kuti tisaone.

mchere

The Devonian m'madera ndi nyengo chinyezi amakuonani akale kwambiri mu dziko seams malasha. madipoziti zikuphatikizapo madipoziti mu Norway, ndipo Timan. Ndi Devonian mafuta ndi gasi kubala M'maso ndi Pechora ndi Volga-Urals zigawo. N'chimodzimodzinso anati kwa madipoziti ofanana US, Canada, ndi Sahara ndi Amazon.

Pa nthawi ino, Urals ndi Tatarstan anayamba kupanga nkhokwe za zitsulo. Mu madera nyengo louma anapanga lakuda strata wa potashi (Canada ndi Belarus). mawonetseredwe chiphala zinachititsa kuti kudzikundikira ores mkuwa galasi mu North Caucasus ndi pa malo otsetsereka a kum'mawa kwa Urals lapansi. Aliyense kutsogolera-nthaka ndi chitsulo manganese gawo ku Central Kazakhstan.

tectonics

Ndi chiyambi cha Devonian m'dera North Atlantic, ndipo pokhala anayamba jutting phiri nyumba (Kumpoto Greenland, Northern Tien Shan, Altai). Euramerica panthawi imeneyo unali M'madera a zitunda kunyanja, Siberia, Korea ndi China - mu M'madera a zitunda kotentha. Gondwana wonse Chigawo kum'mwera.

Euramerica anapanga pa chiyambi cha Devonian. Chifukwa pakuwonekera kwake kunali zipolowe a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi North America. kontinenti Izi anakumana kuukitsidwa kwambiri (wamkulu mmene kugawa lokwera). Zamgululi osefukira ake (mu mawonekedwe a m'dambo wofiira clastic) atasunga Britain, Greenland, Spitsbergen ndi Scandinavia. Ndi watsopano nyumba apangidwe phiri (khola dongosolo la kumpoto Appalachians ndi Newfoundland), kumpoto, kumadzulo, ndi kummwera Euramerica akupha.

Ambiri mwa East nsanja European ndi otsika zazing'ono watersheds mapiri. Only kumpoto chakumadzulo pafupi British-Scandinavia mafoni lamba anaika mapiri otsika ndi mapiri akuluakulu. Mu theka lachiwiri la nthawi Devonian mbali basest a nsanja East European munadzaza madzi mwa nyanja. Pa otsika wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kufalitsa wofiira. Mu zikhalidwe za amenewa mkulu m'chigawo chapakati pa nyanja beseni anasonkhanitsa madipoziti dolomite, gypsum, thanthwe mchere.