Habitat zinthu. Tanthauzo ndi gulu

Chamoyo chilichonse, anthu, mitundu malo alipo - kuti chibadwa lozungulira zamoyo zonse ndipo ali mphamvu iliyonse, mwachindunji kapena mozungulira. Ndi chifukwa zimatengera zinthu zonse zofunikira kukhalapo, ndi mankhwala a moyo wawo. zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa zamoyo zosiyana chomwecho. Pamene iwo amati, ndi bwino, ndiye wina - imfa. Iwo wapangidwa za kuchuluka kwa zinthu organic ndi zochita kupanga zokhudza mtundu winawake.

Gawo

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kupanga malo. The choyamba - zachilengedwe, alipo poyamba. Chachiwiri - analenga munthu. Chilengedwe lagawidwa dziko, mpweya, nthaka, madzi. Pali malo ndi zamoyo mkati ntchito ndi majeremusi.

malo ndipo kuli zinthu zachilengedwe

Zikhalidwe za kukhalako - zinthu anthu zachilengedwe wotithandiza kuti mitundu ina ya zamoyo. The osachepera popanda lomwe kuli kosatheka. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, mpweya, chinyezi, nthaka, ndi kuunika ndi kutentha. zinthu izi zikuchitika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pali zinthu zina zimene kotero kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mphepo kapena chipsyinjo mumlengalenga. Choncho, malo amoyo ndi zinthu kuli zamoyo - mfundo ndi osiyana. Choyamba - wamba, chachiwiri - amatanthauza okha zinthu zimenezo, popanda zomwe chomera kapena thupi moyo kulibe.

zinthu zachilengedwe

Zimenezi ndi zinthu zonse za chilengedwe zimene zingakhudze - mwachindunji kapena ayi - ndi zamoyo. mfundozi chifukwa chamoyo anatengera (kapena ayankhe dziphunzitsiranso). Abiotic - amenewa zinthu zochita kupanga zopanda moyo (nthaka zikuchokera, mankhwala katundu, kuwala, kutentha, chinyezi). zinthu Biotic - mitundu ya chikoka cha zamoyo pa wina ndi mzake wamoyo. Ena mitundu ndi chakudya cha anthu ena, ntchito kubereketsa zomera ndiponso kufalitsa, ndi zotsatira zina. Anthropogenic - zochita za anthu zokhudza zinyama. Kutalikirana kwa gulu ili kumayambitsa chakuti lero tsogolo la biosphere dziko lapansi pafupifupi mu manja a munthu.

Ambiri mwa zinthu pamwamba - zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Ena ali mu ndondomeko ya kusinthidwa, pamene ena sizidzatha. Kusintha malingana ndi nthawi ya tsiku, mwachitsanzo, kuzirala ndi kutentha. Pali zinthu zambiri (chimodzimodzi zinthu zosiyanasiyana) zimapezeka mu moyo wa zamoyo zina, pamene ena - kuchita zazing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, nthaka mchere boma ndi zofunika kwambiri mu mbewu mchere zakudya, ndi nyama - si choncho n'kofunika kuti m'dera lomwelo.

zachilengedwe

Otchedwa sayansi kuti amaphunzira zinthu za chilengedwe cha zamoyo ndiponso ubwenzi wawo ndi izo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba akuti kumatanthauza ndi German zamoyo Haeckel mu 1866. Komabe, mwachangu kukhala sayansi yangokhala ndi zaka 30 Mu zaka zapitazo.

Biosphere ndi noosphere

Kuchotsedwa zamoyo zonse Padziko Lapansi wotchedwa biosphere. Pamafunikanso anthu. Ndipo osati amaphatikizapo, komanso ali ndi chikoka yogwira pa biosphere limanena, makamaka zisakuyenda bwino. Choncho kusintha kwa noosphere (Vernadsky pa terminology). Noosphere sikumangotanthauza ntchito akhakula zachilengedwe ndi sayansi, komanso za mgwirizano wa konsekonse umalimbana kuteteza kwathu wamba - Dziko Lapansi.

Terms of malo m'madzi

Madzi imatengedwa chopunthira cha moyo. Nyama zambiri alipo pa dziko lapansi anali makolo amene ankakhala mu chilengedwe. Ndi mapangidwe a mitundu ina dziko mmadzi ndipo anakhala achule poyamba, ndiyeno kusanduka mu nthaka. Madzi kwambiri dzikoli. zamoyo zambiri kukhalamo - hydrophiles, kuti, musati amafuna anatengera iliyonse chilengedwe.

Choyamba, munthu wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri - ndi mipweya ya chilengedwe madzi. The matupi osiyanasiyana a madzi, ndi zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, nyanja yaing'ono mchere ulamuliro - 0,001% salt. Mu matupi atsopano lalikulu la madzi - mpaka 0,05%. M'madzi - 3.5%. Mu saline chokhala mlingo nyanja mchere ukufika oposa 30%. Ndi kukula amenewa kwadzaoneni zomera. Mumadziwika matupi madzi komwe kulibe zamoyo.

The yofunika anachita mmene chilengedwe cha zinthu monga zili sulfide wa hydrogen. Mwachitsanzo, mu kuya kwa nyanja Black (m'munsimu 200 meters) onse bwinja, kupatula mabakiteriya sulfide wa hydrogen. Ndipo onse chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zili mpweya izi mu sing'anga.

Ndi katundu zofunika thupi la madzi: chilungamo, kuthamanga, mlingo otaya. Nyama zina amangowakumbukira madzi bwino, njira ina ndi matope. Ena zomera moyo mu madzi patsogolo, pamene ena amakonda kuyenda pa.

Anthu okhala pansi pa nyanja ya kusapezeka kwa kuunika ndi kukhalapo kwa kuthamanga - zikhalidwe zochuluka aliko.

zomera

Terms of malo a zomera ndi kulola ndi zinthu zambiri: ndi kapangidwe wa nthaka, kukhalapo kwa kuwala, kusinthasintha kutentha. Ngati madzi mbewu - mfundo za chilengedwe m'madzi. Vital - kukhalapo kwa zakudya mu nthaka, madzi okwanira zachilengedwe ndi ulimi wothirira (mbewu). Ambiri a zomera angamvetsere kuti mabacteria yeniyeni nyengo. Mu malo ena sangathe kupulumuka, samathanso chulukanani ndi kubereka. Yokongola zomera, anazolowera kuti "hothouse" zinthu amafuna malo yokumba. Mu mapangidwe panja, iwo sangathenso kupulumuka.

pansi

Pakuti ambiri zomera ndi nyama zamoyo nthaka zogwirizana malo. mmene chilengedwe amadalira zifukwa zingapo. Zikuphatikizapo mabacteria nyengo kusintha kutentha, mankhwala ndi zikuchokera thupi la dothi. Padziko lapansi monga madzi ena wabwino kwa ena - winayo. Koma ambiri, malo nthaka amapereka malo ogona kwa mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera moyo pa dziko.