Nadezhda Durova. Ngwazi za Nkhondo ya 1812

Zimachitika nthawi zina kuti yonena zenizeni za anthu apamwamba ku nkhani yowala kwambiri mabuku ulendo. Nthawi zina izi chifukwa pankhondo sizimadziwika moyo, zimene zimawononga anthu ndi zofuna zawo, ndipo nthawi zina kumakhaladi mlengi wa wapadera tsogolo lake, safuna kusuntha kamodzi kwa njanji onse anakhazikitsa. Ndi anthu amenewa monga mkazi woyamba kapitawo wa Russian asilikali Nadezhda Andreevna Durova.

Childhood tsogolo hussar

Anabadwa tsogolo "trooper-mtsikana" September 17, 1783 mu Kiev. Pali nthawi yomweyo amafuna powunikira: mu "Mfundo" iye anatchulapo mu 1789, koma zimenezi si zoona. chakuti nthawi ya utumiki wake mu Cossack Regiment Hope makamaka kuchepetsedwa ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, pochitika yekha ngati mnyamata wamng'ono kwambiri ndipo fotokozani kupanda ndevu.

Tsoka naye, kuyambira m'masiku oyambirira a moyo wake Nadezhda Durova anali akhama mu malo a asilikali. bambo ake anali Andrew V. hussar apakavalo mkulu, ndi regimental banja ankakhala moyo zosokera. mayi ake, Nadezhda, anali mwana wa mwinimunda wachuma ndi Poltava, anasiyana eccentric ndi mosadziletsa mtima, anakwatira ndi zofuna za makolo, kapena, ngati iwo anati, "atigwira".

Kuti khalidwe lake anachita mbali yonyansa kwambiri mu moyo wa mwana wake. Kulota kubadwa kwa mwana wake, mayi ake anamuda mwana wongobadwa mtsikana ndipo tsiku lina pamene atachoka chaka chimodzi, anakwiyitsa akulira, anaponya mwana wa zenera la ophimba anagona. Anapulumutsidwa Nadia Hussars, amene ankapita kufufuza ndi msewu chinapululutsa mu fumbi linakhala magazi okhaokha mwana.

Mwana wamng'ono ikuthamangira ankhondo

Kupewa kubwereza zimene zinachitika, atate wake anakakamizika mwana wake kulera mlendo, koma wamphamvu mtundu ndi munthu wachifundo - hussar Astakhov, amene Nadia moyo mpaka zaka zisanu. Kenako, mu Maulendo Ake Durov analemba kuti zaka chishalo hussar m'malo mchikuta ake, ndi zidole ndi zisangalalo anali akavalo, mfuti wochirimika nyimbo asilikali. Izi zinachitikira oyambirira ubwana adzakhala ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri kuumba zochita za tsogolo trooper mtsikana.

Kubwerera m'khola

Mu 1789 Andrey anatsanzika ndi ogwidwawo malo meya mu mzinda wa Sarapul , m'chigawo Vyatka. Mtsikanayo anali kumbuyo mu banja m'manja mwa mayi ake, amene m'mene wakhala ukugwira analeredwa, nayesa kuphunzitsa mwana wake kukonda needlework ndi banja. Nadia anali mlendo mwamtheradi onse amene anatenga zaka zimenezo m'nthawi yake - moyo hussar ankakhala msungwana wamng'ono. Pamene mwana uja atakula, bambo anga anapereka kavalo wawo wamkulu pa Cherkassy dzina lake Alcides amene anadzakhala mnzake ndi nkhondo kangapo anapulumutsidwa mu miniti zovuta.

ukwati anakakamizika

Pomwepo akafike akula Nadezhda Durova anakwatiwa. N'zovuta kunena zimene kwambiri kutsogoleredwa ndi makolo ake: ". Hussar mu siketi" chilakolako kukonza tsogolo la mwana wake wamkazi ndi chilakolako kugulitsa mwamsanga ndi manja a Pansi kanjira, iye anapita ndi wabata ndi pang'ono chidwi munthu - Vasiliem Stepanovichem Chernovym, amene ankatumikira mu mzinda womwewo woweruza adagona.

Patapita chaka chimodzi, Hope anabereka mwana wamwamuna, koma palibe chikondi kwa iye sunakumanepo nazo, ngakhale, ndi mkazi wake. The kusakonda wa mwana iye kupeza yekha kutambasuka zonse za mayi ake. Kumene, banja amwalira kuyambira pachiyambi, ndipo posakhalitsa chiyembekezo anasiyana ndi mwamuna wake, n'kumusiya lokumbutsa yekha wa analephera chikondi mwana wamng'ono.

Mkati mwa moyo pa kavalo mzimu

Durova mwachidule anabwerera ku nyumba kwake, koma akukumana yekha mkwiyo wa mayi, sankasangalala yopuma ndi mwamuna wake. Iye amakhala mosaneneka yatsekera m'moyo uno imvi featureless anachita ndi anthu wamba. Koma posakhalitsa tsoka wasandutsa mphatso m'dzina la Cossack Captain amene Hope nthawi masamba zokhumudwitsa nyumba. Ananamizira ngati mwamuna ndi kudula tsitsi, iye adatengedwa pa Alcide pambuyo pa wokonda wamng'ono, ponamizira ena Batman wake.

Inali nthawi imeneyi, Nadezhda Durova, monga tatchulazi, mwadala understate zaka zawo: Cossacks malinga ndi mwambo anali kuvala ndevu, ndi manyazi zinangokhala kwa kanthawi, kunena zaka zake zoyambirira. Koma poopa, tinali potsiriza kusiya Captain ndi kuyang'ana malo mu apakavalo Lancers, kumene zinkawonedwa ayi. Pali analowa utumiki pansi dzina ankaganiza Alexander Vasilyevich Sokolov - mwana wa fuko lomveka ndi mwini malo.

Nkhondo yoyamba ndi George Cross kwa kulimbamtima

Anapita mu 1806, ndipo asilikali Russian nawo nkhondo ndi Napoleon, analowa mu mbiri monga Nkhondo ya Coalition wachinayi. Zinali madzulo a kubwera kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova nawo mofanana ndi amuna angapo nkhondo yaikulu ya nthawi ndi kulikonse anasonyeza kwapadera ungwazi. Chifukwa chopulumutsa msilikali wovulazidwa kupereka msilikali wake George Cross ndipo posakhalitsa ankalimbikitsa kuti alonda sanali analamula. Panthawi imeneyi, palibe ena sankadziwa ngakhale kuti fano la ankhondo mgugu kubisala mnyamata ndi osalimba mkazi.

kukhudzana zosayembekezereka

Koma monga mukudziwa, kupha adzakhala kubisa. Choterechi-zobisika Nadezhda Andreyevna posachedwa zinadziwika lamulo. Iwo chikalata kalata yake olembedwa kuti bambo ake madzulo a munthu wa nkhondo. Posadziwa ngati akufuna kukhala moyo, Hope cirekero kwa onse obwera kwa iye ndi mayi ake tidzayesedwa nawo. Lisanaperekedwe, Andrey sankadziwa kumene mwana wake, koma tsopano, ndi mfundo zolondola, amanena kuti lamulo la asilikali kubwerera kunyumba amathawathawa.

Ku likulu la dongosolo Nthawi yomweyo, ndi mkulu wa Regiment, amene anatumikira monga Nadezhda Durova, mwamsanga apitenso St. Petersburg, kuwamana chida nachiyika chitetezo chodalirika. Limodzi likhoza amanena zomwe anachita nawo kupeza amene kunapezeka kuti, ngakhale beardless, koma amphamvu ndi olimba mtima anga ...

Omvetsera apamwamba ndi Mfumu

Nthawiyi mphekesera asilikali zapadera anafika Wamkulu Koposa Mfumu Alexander I, ndipo pamene Nadezhda Andreevna anafika ku likulu, nthawi yomweyo iye mu nyumba yachifumu. Atamva nkhani omwe anakumana atsikana, nawo mofanana ndi amuna nkhondoyo, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, kudziwa kuti asilikali anam'bweretsera palibe zochitika chikondi, ndi kukhumba kutumikira dziko, mfumu analola Nadezhda Andreyevna kupitiriza kukhala mayunitsi nkhondowo payekha ndi Order wakonza kuti udindo wa mkulu chachiwiri.

Komanso, kupitiriza achibale ake sanalenge vuto, Mfumu anam'tumizira kutumikira mu Hussars Mariupol pansi pa dzina ankaganiza Aleksandra Andreevicha Aleksandrova. Komanso, iye anapatsidwa ufulu, ngati n'koyenera, kupanga yofunsira mwachindunji kwa Mfumu. mwayi umenewu nthawi kuti ntchito anthu ambiri oyenerera okha.

regimental vaudeville

Choncho Nadezhda Durova - ndi trooper-mtsikana woyamba kapitawo yaikazi Russia, anali pakati Hussars Mariupol. Koma posakhalitsa zinachitika kwa nkhani yake, oyenerera vaudeville woyengeka. chakuti mkulu chatsopanochi kugona tulo mwana wamkazi wa mkulu regimental. Ndithudi, iye sankadziwa za amene ali Alexander wake wokondedwa Andreyevich. Atate - msilikali nkhondowo chabwino munthu - moona mtima ndi kuvomereza kusankha mwana wake wamkazi ndi mtima wanga wonse mukufuna chimwemwe chake ndi mnyamata ndipo ngati msilikali zosangalatsa.

Zilinso zokometsera kwambiri. Chimwana adzauma chikondi ndi misozi Lila ndi bambo mantha, osadziwa chifukwa msilikali wamkulu sizimapita kumufunsa m'manja mwana wake wamkazi. Nadezhda Andreyevna anayenera kusiya mofunitsitsa analandira Hussars ake ndi kupitiriza kutumikira mu Ulan Squadron - nawonso, kumene, pansi pa dzina labodza anatulukira iye payekha mwayekha-mfumu.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse

Mu 1809 Durov anatumiza kwa Sarapul, komwe bambo ake amene anatumikira monga meya awo. M'nyumba mwake iye anakhala zaka ziwiri, ndipo atatsala pang'ono Napoleonic kuwukira anapitiriza kutumikira Chilituyaniya Lancers. Patatha chaka chimodzi, Nadezhda Andreevna analamula theka squadron. Pa mutu wa Lancers wake kusimidwa iye anali nawo kwambiri za nkhondo yaikulu ya 1812 nkhondo zaka. Iye anamenyana pa Smolensk ndi Kolotskim obisika, ndi pa Borodino kumbuyo Semenov wotchuka amatuluka - dongosolo pamalo abwino zofunika ongokhala malinga atatu. Apo iye anali ndi mwayi nkhondo limodzi ndi Bagration.

moyenera-Chief

Posachedwa Durov anavulazidwa ndi kumanzere mankhwala bambo ake Sarapul. Pambuyo achire, iye kachiwiri anabwerera ku usilikali ndipo anali wadongosolo Kutuzov, ndi Kutuzov anali mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa amene anadziwa amene analidi. Pamene Russian asilikali 1813, anapitiriza ntchito ya usilikali kunja kwa Russia, Nadezhda Andreevna anakhalabe mu zigawo, ndipo mu nkhondo yomasulira Germany kwa asilikali Napoleonic wolemekezeka pa Kuzinga linga Modlin ndi adani a Hamburg.

Moyo akapuma

Pambuyo pa mapeto wopambana wa nkhondo, zaka mkazi uyu chodabwitsa ochepa atatumikira Tsar ndi Lathu, anapuma ndi udindo wa ndodo mkulu. Chin Hope Durova analola kuti alandire moyo penshioni ndi amapereka ndithu moyo womasuka. Iye anakakhala Sarapul ndi atate wake, koma nthawi zina ankakhala Yelabuga kumene iye anali m'nyumba. zaka anakhala mu ankhondo, oletsa Nadezhda Andreevna chizindikiro kuposa mwina anafotokoza ovuta kuwamvetsa ambiri chikondwerero amuna onse wotsatira kwa iye pa nthawi.

Kuchokera Maulendo a m'nthawi mukudziwa kuti mpaka mapeto a moyo wake, iye anapita kavalidwe amuna ndi zikalata zonse walemba yekha dzina Aleksandrova Aleksandra Andreevicha. Ena monga chofunika ankanena yokha yokha mu osonyeza chachimuna. Kuganiza kuti panokha kwa mkaziyo iye kamodzi, anafa, ndipo anali kokha kukhazikitsa chithunzi wake ndi zopangidwa-dzina.

Nthawi zina anadza mowonjeza pa. Mwachitsanzo, pamene tsiku lina mwana wake, Ivan Vasilevich Chernov (yemweyo iye anali anawusiyapo, kusiya mwamuna wake), anam'tumizira kalata yopempha kuti adalitse kuti akwatire, anaona pamtima wake "mamma," anatentha kalatayo popanda ngakhale kuwerenga. Ndi pokhapokha mwana analembanso kachiwiri, kunena monga Aleksandru Andreevichu, iye potsiriza madalitso mayi.

ntchito zolembalemba

Kubwera kwa otsalawo anira ntchito ya usilikali, Nadezhda Andreevna kuchita zinthu zolembalemba. Mu 1836, mu masamba a "Contemporary" anali kukumbukira ake, kenako anatumikira monga maziko wotchuka "Mfundo", amene anali kufalitsidwa mu chaka chomwecho pansi udindo "Trooper-mtsikana." Iye anayamikira luntha lake ngati wolemba anapereka A. S. Pushkin, amene Durov anakumana kudzera m'bale wake Basil, amene panokha ankadziwa ndakatulo kwambiri. Baibulo chomaliza cha Maulendo ake zinasindikizidwa mu 1839 ndipo anali kukumenya chachikulu, chimatipangitsa wolemba kupitiriza ntchito yake.

Mapeto a moyo trooper anamwali

Koma, ngakhale chirichonse, mu masiku ake kuchepekela Durov anali wosungulumwa kwambiri. Wapafupi lilili mu zaka panali amphaka ambiri ndi agalu, amene Nadezhda Andreevna anatola kumene ine ndikanakhoza kokha. Iye anamwalira mu 1866 mu Yelabuga, asanafike zaka eyite-awiri. Poona njira ya imfa, sanasinthe makhalidwe awo, ndipo chinaperekedwa mwambo wa maliro yokha pansi pa dzina wamwamuna - wantchito wa Mulungu Alexander. Komabe, wansembe sanathe kuphwanya malamulo mpingo ndipo anakana kuti akwaniritse zofuna lomaliza. Otpeli Nadezhda Andreevna kudacita, koma pamaliropo anapereka maulemu ake ankhondo.

Anabadwa pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Catherine II, iye anakhalapo m'nthawi ya olamulira asanu la mpando wachifumu lachifumu la Russia ndi kuimaliza njira zawo za ulamuliro wa Alexander II, akamafika chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Choncho zapita - koma osati pamtima anthu - Nadezhda Durova, yonena kuti anakhala wonse nyengo mbiri ya dziko lathu.

Memory otsala kwa zaka

ana oyamikira Chiyembekezo Durova anayesa zimalimbikitsa dzina lake. Mu 1901, ndi lamulo lachifumu la Nicholas II chipilala anamangidwira pa manda a titchuke apakavalo-namwaliyo. Pamaliro epitaphs panalembedwa mawu, kuwauza za nkhondowo njira yake kuti ananyamuka ku Mulingo wa Nadezhda Durova, ndipo anathokoza kuti mkazi uyu amunamuna. Mu 1962, pa chimodzi cha makwalala a mumzindawo paki mzinda tinapezanso kugwira wa compatriot wake wotchuka.

Kale mu nthawi pambuyo Soviet mu 1993, chipilala kuti Nadezhda Durova linatsegulidwa pa Utatu Square Yelabuga. olemba ake ndi ziboliboli F. F. Lyah ndipo wamanga SL Buritsky. Musati mukhale pambali Russian olemba. Mu 2013, pa chikondwerero cha chikumbutso 230th la kubadwa kwake mu mpanda wa Yelabuga State Museum-Reserve linkawombedwa ndakatulo zoyenera Nadezhda Durova olembedwa andakatulo ambiri odziwika zakale ndipo m'nthawi yathu.