Expressionism m'mabuku: tanthauzo, zinthu zofunika, olemba Expressionists

Waukulu avant-garde malangizo, expressionism, magwero m'ma 90s kwa zaka za m'ma 19. The kholo la mawu akuti tate wa magazini "Mphepo" - H. Walden.

Akatswiri expressionism amakhulupirira kuti bwino kwambiri m'kukoma mabuku. Ngakhale zochepa zokongola expressionism akuwonetseredwa mu chosema, zojambula ndi kupenta.

Kalembedwe latsopano ndi zisintha padziko lonse

Ndi kusintha mu kukhazikika ndi chikhalidwe m'zaka za m'ma 20, panali njira ina yatsopano zojambulajambula, zisudzo ndi moyo nyimbo. Ine sanayembekezere ndi expressionism mabuku. KUFOTOKOZERA umenewu sizinatero. Koma zolembalemba expressionism kufotokoza mmene chachikulu mizere ya mitengo divergent akavalidwe osauka chimango cha kachitidwe modernist ku Ulaya Mu zaka zapitazo.

Ponena za expressionism, nthawi anatanthauza kwa German. The chimbuzi cha panopa iyi akutchedwa chipatso cha zinthu za "Prague sukulu" (German olankhula). Mpheroyi K. Čapek, P. Adler, L. Perutz, F. Kafka ndi ena. Ndi kusiyana zikuluzikulu zoikamo kulenga ya alembi amenewa zogwirizana chidwi zinthu zosamveka, idiotically claustrophobia, lachinsinsi, chachinsinsi maloto hallucinogenic. Mu Russia, azimuth iyi ndi L. Andreev ndi E. Zamyatin

Anthu ambiri amene analemba ouziridwa romanticism kapena Baroque. Koma chikoka makamaka kwambiri wa German ndipo French ophiphiritsa (makamaka C. Baudelaire ndi Rimbaud) kumverera expressionism mabuku. Zitsanzo za ntchito imene mlembi aliyense wotsatira kusonyeza kuti chidwi zenizeni m'moyo kumachitika kudzera chiyambi cha moyo aumunthu. Mumadziwika chiphiphiritso otsatira expressionism - "Osati mwala kugwa, ndipo lamulo la mphamvu yokoka."

Aulosi pathos chibadidwe Georg Heym, anakhala mbali kuzindikira za chiyambi ankaikira Expressionism monga gulu linalake. owerenga mu vesi "Kudza kufa wamkulu ..." ndipo "nkhondo" kuzindikira kuneneratu aulosi tsoka loyembekezereka mu Europe.

Austria amalimbikitsa zosonyeza Georg Trakl ndi ndithu yaing'ono cholowa ndakatulo wakhala zimakhudza kwambiri maganizo onse ndakatulo German-chinenero. Mu Trakl ndakatulo zithunzithunzi yophiphiritsira zovuta, tsoka mogwirizana ndi kugwa kwa dongosolo la dziko ndi kwambiri maganizo koposa.

Expressionism Dawn anabwera zaka 1914-1924. Zinali Franz Werfel, Albert Ehrenstein, Gottfried Benn ndi ena amene zomvetsa yaikulu pa amadzibisa mu olimba zikhulupiriro kukhulupirira zausilikali. Vuto limeneli lili bwino kwambiri unaululidwa mu ntchito za Kurt Hiller. Ndakatulo expressionism mabuku, zochitika zazikulu zimene analanda sewero ndi prose msanga zinachititsa wotchuka anthology la "The otsiriza a Anthu", amene anaonekera ku bwalo la owerenga mu 1919.

A nzeru zatsopano

Waukulu ndi akatswiri zokongoletsa lingaliro otsatira expressionists linatengedwa "Chikondi abwino" - chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso cha Husserl, ndi pa kuzindikira yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale "Mchombo wa dziko lapansi" Bergson m'dziko lake ndi "moyo" yojambula. Akukhulupirira kuti dongosolo lino akhoza kugonjetsa obduracy nthanthi nkhaniyi mtsinje silingaimitsidwe chirengedwe.

N'chifukwa chake Expressionism mabuku zikuoneka ngati Nonfictional maganizo a chenicheni ngati "view cholinga".

Mawu akuti "cholinga aone" amachokera ku ntchito chakale cha nzeru German ndipo amatanthauza maganizo zenizeni ndi lolondola cartographic. Choncho, kuti padzakhala "mabungwe abwino" mu dziko, m'pofunika kamodzinso kutsutsa zinthu zauzimu.

Mfundo imeneyi ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi maganizo Symbolists ganizo, pamene expressionism mabuku tikunena intuitionism Bergson chotero kufunafuna kutanthauza mu moyo ndi zopanda nzeru. Moyo yojambula ndi mtima wonse intuitively ananena zochuluka chida mu rapprochement ndi zauzimu zenizeni dziko. Mu nkhani iyi, expressionists ankanena kuti dziko chuma (ie dziko kunja) Mwamsanga mu chisangalalo wake komanso amazipanga pafupi kukhala yankho zaka mazana ambiri "chinsinsi" cha moyo.

Expressionism mu mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 20 zosiyana ku mafunde a Surrealism ndi Cubism kuti anayamba pafupifupi mu kufanana. Pathos, ndipo, umoyo, yapadera, kupanga yopindulitsa kusiyana pakati pa ntchito za expressionists. Iwo ali ozadzidwa ndi kumusonyeza ndi gulu la anthu mu magulu a anthu ndi nkhondo za anthu harried kukhala boma ndi chikhalidwe. Nthawi zina zosonyeza olemba bwino zimapangitsa fanizo la ngwazi chosintha, kusonyeza maganizo kwambiri wopanduka, kusonyeza lachinsinsi eerie mantha kusokonekera kwa kukhala yosalephera.

kuti mavuto dziko kukhala anafotokoza mu ntchito za Expressionists okha monga mbali yaikulu ya Chivumbulutso, amene ikuyenda pa liwiro yopambana, ndipo akulonjeza chidzakantha anthu ndi chikhalidwe.

Nazi zikamera

Expressionism mabuku limatchula kupempha kuti khalidwe chilengedwe ulosi. Izi ndi zimene zimafuna kudzipatula kalembedwe: m'pofunika kuphunzitsa, chenjeza ndi kulengeza. Mwa njira iyi, ndi ndiyotani pakuchotsa makhalidwe wanzeru ndi olakwika, otsatira a expressionism anafuna kumasula munthu aliyense chipolowe cha m'maganizo, tilinazo kuzamitsa ndi kulimbikitsa anyamata chinsinsi lonse.

Mwina ndicho chifukwa Expressionism anatenga kunayambira ku kucheza gulu la ojambula zithunzi.

Olemba mbiri ya chikhalidwe amakhulupirira kuti chaka cha chiyambi cha expressionism - 1905 TH. chaka kuti anali mgwirizano wa anthu amaganizo amodzi mu Dresden German, gulu amene amadzitcha "The Bridge". Pansi pasukulupo zomangamanga n'kuyamba: Otto Müller, Erich Heckel, Ernst Kirchner, Emil Nolde, etc. kumayambiriro kwa 1911, watero chokha lodziwika bwino gulu "Blue Wokwera" .. Mpheroyi aluso otchuka m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri: Franz Marc . August Macke, Paulo Klee, Wassily Kandinsky ndi ena Gulu anafalitsa Almanac eponymous kuti March 1912, yomwe imayang'ana zitsanzo atsopano kulenga ya sukulu zatsopano, kuyesa zolinga ndi kuwutsutsa malangizo awo.

Oimira expressionism mu magazini ofotokoza kutsekedwa pa maziko a "Aktion" ( "ntchito"). Nkhani yoyamba inafalitsidwa mu Berlin kumayambiriro 1911. Iwo anali nawo olemba ndakatulo ndi sizinathe playwrights odziwika bwino, koma opandukawo wowala umenewu: E. Toller, Frank L., J. Becher ndi ena.

Features zambiri zokongola expressionism chabe anaonekera mu mabuku German, Austria ndi Russian. Expressionists French anapereka ndakatulo Perom Garne.

zosonyeza ndakatulo

Ndakatulo ya azimuth izi ziyenera ntchito "Orpheus." Ndiko kuti, muyenera kukhala ndi wamatsenga, amene akulimbana ndi vuto kusamvera fupa adza kwa mkati mwa chofunikira chenicheni cha zimene zikuchitika. Chinthu chachikulu kwa ndakatulo iyi - ndicho chimene sichikugwirizana poyambirira, osati chinthu chenicheni yokha.

Choncho - ichi ndi Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira apamwamba, chapamwamba kalasi. Sitiyenera kutenga nawo mbali pa "nkhani za anthuwo." Ndipo pragmatism ndi ankhanza ayenera kwathunthu icho. N'chifukwa chake, monga oyambitsa a expressionism ankaganiza n'zosavuta kukwaniritsa chilengedwe clamping kugwedera "mabungwe abwino".

Yekha otsatira mpatuko anapangidwa mchitidwe wa zilandiridwenso expressionism wotchedwa okha njira yoona kusintha dziko zakuthupi ndi yakumgwira.

Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti choonadi pamwamba wokongola. Chinsinsi, chinsinsi kudziwa zosonyeza chithunzi wobvala expansiveness ndi zachiwawa kuti analengedwa nzeru ngati kuledzera kapena kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo.

kulenga chisangalalo

Pangani kwa waluso umenewu - ndi polenga katswiri mu mkhalidwe subjectivity kwambiri, ozikidwa pa chikhalidwe cha chisangalalo, improvisation ndipo zimasintha maganizo a ndakatulo iyi.

Expressionism mabuku - si kusamala, ndi wosatopa ndi wosakhazikika ndingaliro, si chinthu amalingalira ndi zithunzi masomphenya wosangalala.

German zosonyeza, theorist ake ndi mmodzi wa atsogoleri Casimir Edshmid ankakhulupirira kuti ndakatulo woona amaonetsera ndipo susonyeza zenizeni. Choncho, ngati Motero, ntchito mabuku kalembedwe expressionism ndizo zotsatira za mongotengeka mtima ndi chinthu cha zokongoletsa anasangalala moyo. Expressionists osati katundu okha ndi kusamalira kuukonza anasonyeza mawonekedwe.

Nazi kufunika akuti luso ndi chinenero mu kukhota zosonyeza, ndipo nthawi zambiri grotesque, lomwe limapezeka chifukwa cha hyperbolism zakutchire ndi nkhondo zonse ndi kukana kanthu. Chotero kupotoza osati kupotoza mbali kunja kwa dziko. Kamakupatsani ozunguza ndi chidwi grotesque zithunzi analenga.

Ndipo apa zimaonekeratu kuti cholinga chachikulu cha expressionism - kumanganso dera anthu ndi kukwaniritsa mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe chonse.

"Zosonyeza khumi" mu mabuku German-chinenero

Mu Germany, m'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, expressionism anatuluka pambuyo mavuto achiwawa zimangokhala malo onse ndi chikhalidwe, ali mantha dziko mu khumi zoyambirira za m'ma lomaliza. Mu German chikhalidwe ndi mabuku expressionism anali chodabwitsa chapadera cha 10 '20 zaka mazana makumi awiri.

Expressionism mabuku German anali kuyankha mavuto a anzeru, amene nakokera First World nkhondo, ndi November Chiwukirano Movement ku Germany ndi chiwonongeko cha boma Tsarist ku Russia mu October. Dziko lapansi lakale anawonongedwa ndi pa mabwinja ake amaoneka latsopano. Writers, umene unachitika pamaso pa kusintha, bwinobwino anamva kulephera kwa dongosolo wogwila pa mavuto omwewo ndi unenforceability patsogolo chilichonse chatsopano mu dziko latsopano.

German expressionism ndinali kuvala owala, opanduka, protivoburzhuazny khalidwe. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, kuwulula zolakwa za dongosolo capitalist, zosonyeza kuulula anapereka m'malo, ndi wosamvetsetseka, umboni ndi chotheka ndale komanso pulogalamu kuti mukhoza kutsitsimutsa mzimu wa umunthu.

Sitikuwamvetsa bwino malingaliro a proletariat, ndi Expressionists ankakhulupirira kuti mapeto a dongosolo la dziko. Chiwonongeko cha anthu ndi zam'tsogolo - pa mitu chapakati zosonyeza nthawi ya First World nkhondo. Makamaka kwambiri izo Tingaone mu mawu a G. Trakl, Heym G. ndi F. Werfel. J. Van Goddis anamvera zochitika mu dziko ndipo dziko, ndime, "mapeto a dziko." Ndipo ngakhale satirical kuonetsa zinthu zochititsa chidwi (Karl Kraus, "Masiku Otsiriza a Anthu").

zolinga zokongoletsa za expressionism anasonkhana mu phiko la kalembedwe osiyana kwambiri luso, zokonda ndi mfundo zandale za olemba: kuchokera F. Wolf ndi J. Becher, ayamba malingaliro kusintha chosintha la anthu, Bambo Jost, anadzakhala ndakatulo ya panyumba ya ulamuliro wa Hitler.

Franz Kafka - lofanana expressionism

Frantsa Kafku moyenerera amatchedwa n'chimodzimodzi expressionism. chikhulupiriro chake ndi choti munthu amakhala ku dziko limene limatsutsa kwa iye mwamtheradi, umunthu sangathe kugonjetsa otsutsana mabungwe ake, ndipo zimenezi zingawapangitse kuti azisangalala sizotheka, ndicho zosonyeza malingaliro mabwalo zolembalemba.

Wolemba amakhulupirira kuti pali chidaliro mwa munthu choncho musalole kuti kaonedwe moyo. Komabe, ntchito za Kafka iye anayesa kuti apeze chinachake zosasinthika, "kuwala" kapena "wagwiro".

Mlembi wa wotchuka "ndondomeko" Choncho anaitana chisokonezo. Dziko momuzungulira anali eerily wowopsa. Franz Kafka akhagopa mphamvu za chilengedwe, amene kale anali anthu. kusokonezeka ndi mantha ndi yosavuta kumva: anthu, chogonjetsa chikhalidwe, sanathe kulimbana ndi ubwenzi pakati pawo. Komanso, kumenya nkhondo ndi kupha mnzake kunja, anawononga mizinda yoyandikira ndi kumidzi, ndipo sanalole wina ndi mzake kukhala osangalala.

Kuyambira nthawi ya nthano za chiyambi cha mlembi nthano za m'ma wa dziko olekanitsidwa ndi pafupifupi 35 zaka zambiri chitukuko. Nthano Kafka wodzazidwa ndi mantha, kutaya mtima ndi kugwetsedwa mphwayi. Tsogolo la munthu osati kale m'manja mwa munthu yekha, koma mwa mphamvu otherworldly, ndipo mosavuta anapambulwa pa munthuyo.

munthu amakhulupirira wolemba, - chilengedwe cha chikhalidwe (mwinamwake sizingausunge), koma kukhala zooneka chipangizo anthu kwathunthu asokoneza umunthu.

Expressionism mu mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 20 mu nkhope ya Kafka amamvetsa ndipo ankadziwa kusatetezeka ndi feebleness wa munthu aumbike mwa izo ndi sunalinso ukulamulira kumabungwe chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Umboni ndi zoonekeratu: munthu mwadzidzidzi kugwa pansi zotsatira za (kutetezedwa popanda bwino!), Kapena iwo mwadzidzidzi chidwi ndi anthu "zachilendo", umene atsogolere samveka ndi mbuli a magulu mdima. Munthu mchikakamizo cha mabungwe chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe n'zosavuta zokwanira kumva mphamvu wake, ndiyeno ena uthenga wa kuli kupanga zoyesayesa zaonongeka kuti chilolezo ndi moyo m'dziko lino osalungama.

Kafka kudabwa ndi mphatso ya kuzindikira. Makamaka bwino m'kukoma (lofalitsidwa postmortem) "Njira". Mmenemo wolemba amaoneratu misala latsopano zaka mazana makumi awiri, wokhala mu mphamvu zake zowononga. Mmodzi wa iwo - vuto la bureaucracy, ayamba mphamvu monga mtambo namondwe, zinatenga thambo lonse, pamene munthu amakhala pachiopsezo inconspicuous tizilombo. Zenizeni anatsekula azitengapo ankhanza, kwathunthu wawononga mu munthu, ndipo, kotero, dziko wathedwa.

Mzimu wa expressionism mu Russian

Kopita Europe chikhalidwe, kumene kotala woyamba zaka mazana makumi awiri, sanathe koma bwanji mabuku Russian. Olemba, amene lofalitsidwa ntchito kuchokera 1850 mpaka kumapeto a 1920, zikuchepa anamvera bourgeois chilungamo ndi mavuto chikhalidwe za nthawi, amene anauka chifukwa cha Dziko Lonse Yoyamba ndi wotsatira coups reactionary.

Expressionism Kodi mabuku? Mwachidule - kugalukira. Mkwiyo anaukira ndi dehumanization a anthu. Iwo, pamodzi ndi mawu atsopano a makhalidwe existential ya mzimu wa munthu, anali congenial, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya mabuku miyambo Russian. udindo wake monga Mesiya m'dera kudzera ntchito wosafa NV Gogol ndi FM Dostoevsky, kudzera zojambula zidzasintha MA Vrubel ndi NN Ge, amatilimbikitsa dziko lonse V. F. Komissarzhevskuyu ndi AN Scriabin.

Iwo agona bwino kwambiri posachedwapa mwayi wawukulu a kubadwa kwa expressionism Russian mu "The Dream Munthu Zopusa" ndi Fyodor Dostoevsky, "ndakatulo ya chisangalalo" Scriabin, "Red Flower" V. Garshin.

Expressionists Russian anafuna kukhulupirika chilengedwe, ntchito zake nafuna "munthu watsopano" chikumbumtima poyerekeza umodzi anathandiza mozungulira dera chikhalidwe ndi luso la Russia.

otsutsa mabuku amanena kuti si expressionism inkayenda monga wodziimira Inde osiyana. Iye yekha akuwonetseredwa kudzera mu kudzipatula poetics ndi makongoletsedwe, mu sing'anga nascent aliko kale izikhala kuposa m'malire awo kwambiri mandala, ndipo ngakhale ochiritsira.

Choncho, mwachitsanzo, expressionism wobadwa mwa Kuzindikira za zinachititsa chilengedwe Leonida Andreeva, Andrei Bely anathawa symbolist malangizo acmeists Michael Zenkevich Vladimir Narbut anamasulidwa magulu ndakatulo ndi yowala ekspressionistkoy lathu, ndi Vladimir Mayakovsky, pokhala futurist, analembanso zosonyeza chikhalidwe.

Expressionism kalembedwe pa nthaka Russian

Mu Russian kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu "expressionism", "adawomba" mu nkhani Chekhov a "chiwala". heroine olakwika, ntchito "zosonyeza" m'malo mwa "Impressionists." Akatswiri Russian expressionism amakhulupirira kuti chimakhudzana Integrated, ndi mitundu yonse ya expressionism a ku Ulaya wakale, amene unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a Austria, koma ambiri a expressionism German.

Mwazaka, kukuchititsa zimenezi mu Russia anabwera kale kwambiri ndi alinkuthedwa patapita nthawi yaitali "khumi Expressionism" mu mabuku German-chinenero. Expressionism Russian mabuku anayamba kufalitsa nkhani Leonida Andreeva "The Wall" mu 1901, ndipo zinatha uchita "Moscow Parnassus" ndi emotsionalistov gulu mu 1925.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev - woukira Russian expressionism

Watsopano malangizo mofulumira kwambiri pitiliza Europe, sanasiyidwa pa akungoonerera ndi Russian mabuku milieu. The bambo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Expressionism mu Russia amati Leonid Andreev.

Mu ntchito yake yoyamba, wolemba kwambiri ri zenizeni modabwitsa anamuzungulira. bwino kwambiri izi m'zimene oyambirira: "Garas'ko", "Bargamot", "City". Kale pano munthu akhoza kufufuza zolinga zikuluzikulu za wolemba.

"Moyo Vasiliya Fiveyskogo" ndi nkhani ya "The Wall" jambulani mwatsatanetsatane kukayikira wolemba mu mtima wa munthu ndi kukayikira kwambiri. Pa masewera chikhulupiriro ndi zamizimu Andreev analemba wotchuka "Yudasi Iskarioti."

Kumayambiriro kwa kayendedwe chosintha a wolemba kwambiri azimvetsa kayendedwe chosintha, ndipo monga Motero pali nkhani "Ivan Ivanovich," "Kazembe" ndi kusewera "Kuti Nyenyezi".

Pambuyo yochepa nthawi, zilandiridwenso Andreeva Leonida Nikolaevicha zimapangitsa kukhota lakuthwa. Iwo chikugwirizana ndi chiyambi cha kayendedwe chosintha mu 1907. Wolemba reconsiders maganizo ake ndipo amamvetsa kuti zachiwawa misa, koma mazunzo lalikulu ndi ovulala misa, anabwera kanthu patsogolo. zochitika izi zikufotokozedwa mu "The seveni amene anaphedwa".

Nkhani "The Red kuseka" akupitiriza kuwulula maganizo wolemba pa zinachitika mu boma. ntchito anafotokoza zoopsa za kunkhondo pamaziko a zochitika za 1905 nkhondo Chirasha Japanese. Sankasangalala ndi anakhazikitsa dziko ngwazi kuti ali okonzeka angatsutse kupanduka chisokonezo chotere, koma mophweka mwina pindani ndi kungokhala chete.

More ntchito posachedwapa wolemba zinapatsira ndi mfundo chigonjetso cha mizimu ndi maganizo aakulu.

Post scriptum

Yokhala, ndi expressionism German monga azimuth zolembalemba pang'ono ndi pang'ono zinatheratu pofika m'ma 20 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Komabe, si wina aliyense, yathandiza kwambiri pa miyambo zolembalemba mibadwo yotsatira.