Nyerere-Apostol SERGEY Ivanovich, Decembrist: yonena

Bright moyo waufupi wa S. I. Muraveva-Apostol ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi zochitika zikuluzikulu za Russia m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Leo Tolstoy, amene sanali mfundo za Decembrists anaitcha mmodzi wa anthu abwino osati kuti koma nthawi iliyonse ena. A mbadwa ya banja wakale, amene ndi wachibale wa wotchuka Chiyukireniya Hetman Danylo Apostol, Sergei, amene mitu mndandanda wa Decembrists, anakhala kuima Republican ndi mdani yogwira serfdom.

Childhood Muraviev-Apostol

September 28, 1796 mwana wachinayi anabadwa mu banja la States Ivana Matveevicha Muraveva-Apostol wotchedwa Sergei. Mwamsanga pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake, Vinogradov anatumizidwa kwa Mfumu Paulo Ine nthumwi kuti Hamburg, komwe iye anapita pamodzi ndi banja lake. Atabwerera mu 1801 ku Russia, Vinogradov posachedwapa anasamukira ku Madrid bizinesi. Opanikizika anadza kwa mphamvu mu France, Napoleona Rossiyskaya ntchito wakhala achoka Spain. Kusiyana ndi achibale ake Paris, Vinogradov anabwerera ku Russia ndipo analandira kalata yosiya wake. SERGEY Education kumayambira Hicks 'kogona kumene yomweyo anaona glibness ndi ntchito kwambiri mu nkhani maphunziro.

Homecoming

Pamene ana akukula akunja Chifalansa, mchikakamizo cha mayi, iwo anayenera timasiyanitsa wakutemwa ndi chikondi kwa Russia. Komabe, pamene mu 1809 banja anabwerera ku St. Petersburg ndi ana mosangalala anatenga izo, Anna Semyonovna, mayi awo nthawi yomweyo anachenjeza kuti Russia ndi dziko la akapolo, kunena serfdom. Wanzeru luso masamu Sergei kumulola mu 1810 mosavuta kulowa utangoyamba College of Railway Akatswiri.

Nawo nkhondo la 1812

Kuukira Napoleon pa Russia, wophunzirayo anatumizidwa kukatumikira ku likulu la asilikali, analamula Kutuzov. Mu June 1812 ndi SERGEY 15 wazaka analandira ubatizo wa moto mu nkhondo ya Vitebsk, ndipo kenako msilikali wamng'ono nawo Nkhondo ya Borodino. Mkulu wa asilikali M. I. Kutuzov anayesa kumuletsa iye kulikulu, koma pa nthawi yobvuta kapitawo wamng'ono monga mbali ya kampani kuchotseratu mabomba pansi pa moto waukulu ndi French anamanga ndi kumbuyo kulimbitsa redoubts lapansi.

nkhondo Tarutino

Tanthauzo la Tarutino nkhondo, amenenso yagoletsa ndi msilikali chachiwiri, amene sizinawakhudze patha zaka 16, sanali kokha kuti zotsatira bwino anali akwaniritsa kwa nthawi yoyamba, komanso kulera mzimu wa asilikali Russian. Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ya tarutino bwino mu October 1812 amakakamizidwa Napoleon kuti zongowasiyira ku Moscow azigwira. Ndiye kunali oopsa nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets, chimene chinapangitsa chakuti Napoleon anakana zina patsogolo mu Kaluga, mphamvu yaikulu ya asilikali Russian anayamba kuchita kuthawa asilikali a ku France. Pambuyo anzake Maloyaroslavets kwa chiwerengero anatumizidwa kuchokera kusukulu kuti nkhondo anabwerera ku St. Petersburg kupitiliza maphunziro ake, koma Nyerere-Apostol SERGEY Ivanovich zokhala ku nkhondo. Kutenga Muraviev-Apostol nkhondo zina yomasulira wa Dziko Lathu ndi French kuwukira unkachitika awarding lupanga golide, ndi kupatsa udindo wa mkulu. Pambuyo athamangitsidwe wa Napoleon ku Russia, iye anali kupereka dongosolo la St. Anne III-TH digiri.

kampeni yachilendo

Pofuna nawo ndawala kunja, 16 wazaka Ofisala, pangano mu battalion wa Chasseurs. Pakuti choncho pansi Lutzen (Germany) Nyerere-Apostol SERGEY Ivanovich, amene yonena zinali zovuta kwambiri, anali kupereka dongosolo la St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. uta. Popeza 1814, molamulidwa ndi General Rajewski, anachita nawo nkhondo zambiri, ndipo pambuyo nkhondo pafupi Paris, mkulu achinyamata amalandira Order a Anna 2 digiri na-. Mu Paris wakumana ndi mchimwene wake Mateyu, ndi pamodzi mu March 2014, adabwerera ku Russia, kumene iwo anali kuyembekezera atate ndi m'bale wa asanu ndi atatu Hippolyte.

Organization za magulu woyamba chinsinsi

Kugalukira chimodzi cha anthu Russian ndi achilendo kuwukira mu 1812 anaonetsa mphamvu ya mzimu wa anthu wamba, kuphatikizapo m'linga. Patapita ulemerero nkhondo pamene Russia anamasulidwa ku Ulaya goli la Napoleon, ŵakusanga mbali ya patsogolo Russian otchuka akhadikhira kumasulidwa kwa anthu a kwawo goli la autocracy. Malinga S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, kumasulidwa kwa Russia ku goli la zawo zidzayambitsa kumasulidwa kwa dziko lonse, idzalimbikitsa chitukuko ndi kutukuka kwa dziko.

Kufuna kuthandiza anthu adzichotse ululu wa ambuye awo, kuti athyole umphawi chiyembekezo ndi pa nthawi yomweyo kupewa kubwereza kwa tinkadziwa "Pugachev" kwachititsa oimira bwino m'kalasimo mwayi kufunika kugwirizanitsa. Khumi zoyambirira za XIX m'ma ambiri olemera m'madera osiyanasiyana chinsinsi, kuphatikizapo osiyanasiyana ogona Masonic, imene olemekezeka ungathetse auzimu nawo mwakhama zochitika padziko lonse. Imodzi mwa makampani awa, amene analengedwa mu 1815, anali "Artel alonda Semenov Regiment", bungwe ndi N. M. Muravevym. S. I. Muravev-Apostol, amene pambuyo pochokera kampeni yachilendo unasamutsidwa kutumikira Semenov Regiment, anakhala pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Mateyu membala wa mukupanga lapansi. Zolinga za anthu a wopangidwa mwa anthu 15-20 anali CHOSADZIWIKA ndi yosokoneza. Posakhalitsa, mkulu wa Mfumu zigawenga unatha, koma ziwalo zake anapitiriza msonkhano, ndipo zikhoza kuganiziridwa zifukwa pofuna kukwaniritsa kayendedwe chosintha.

"Union cha Chipulumutso"

Woyamba chinsinsi gulu la alonda ( "Union cha Chipulumutso"), unakhazikitsidwa mu 1816 mu nyumba ya abale Mouravieff-Apostol, omwe anali nawo Prince Troubetzkoy, Alexander ndi Nikita Muravyov Iakushkin. Gulu la alonda wamng'ono, anadzatchedwa mu 1817 pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu ake mu Pestelya P. I. "Company ana apamtima wa Dziko Lathu", monga iye anali, ndipo anakhalabe NUMBER (30), koma ndi zolinga zambiri zodziwika bwino. Ntchito yaikulu ya anthu anali kulimbana yomasulira wamba kuchokera serfdom ndi kuwonongedwa autocracy, amene enshrined mu hayala wa kampani. Pofuna kuwonjezera kukopa kwake ambiri, kutenga osati anthu otchuka, komanso anthu opeza, amalonda, atsogoleri ndi anthu wamba ufulu m'deralo.

anthu ankaonetsetsa otchedwa Muzu bolodi, zimene zinaphatikizapo Nyerere-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich. Pamodzi ndi kukula kwa misa kusakhutira m'dzikoli ndi kulimbitsa Europe lonse zinthu chosintha mu "Union of moyo," chikoka motsimikiza wabweza mbali ya alimbane nawo nkhondo autocracy ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo Republican. Kulondola Njira zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kanthu mowiriza mu 1820 asilikali Semenov Regiment. Pambuyo yimitsira wa chisokonezo mu Semenov Regiment unatha, ndipo Nyerere-Apostol SERGEY Ivanovich anasamutsidwa ku Mulingo wa wamkulu mu Chernigov oyenda Regiment. Anapezerapo mu January 1821 Congress wa bungwe zilankhulo za "Union of moyo," analengeza za kuwonongeka kwa anthu. Komabe, panali kwenikweni wopereka liquidation ndi ziŵalo ndi "Union" zinachititsa kuti gulu la makampani awiri agwirire zochita olowa.

"Kumwera Society"

A bungwe chinsinsi ku Ukraine anayambitsa chilengedwe amene anali mamembala a bungwe Tulchin 'moyo Union ", dzina lake" Kumwera Society ". Iwo ankapita ndi P. I. Pestel, mutu wa Vasilievskaya bungwe waukulu anali Sergei Muraviev-Apostol (Decembrist). zolinga Program ndi zolinga za kampani, amene mu 1825 limodzi ndi "Society of United Asilavo", anauyamba "Russian Choonadi" analembadi Pavla Ivanovicha Pestelya.

Society zolinga mu nyimbo ndi ntchito "Union of moyo," koma anapempha kuti kuchita zinthu mwanzeru kwambiri, ndi kupha mfumu kuti decapitate chipani monarchical. настаивал на скорейших действиях с использованием войск, находящихся под командованием офицеров – членов «Южного общества». Choncho Pestel ankakhulupirira kuti chiwembu ayenera kutenga malo mu mzindawu ndiponso kukhala bwinobwino anakonza SERGEY Muravyov-Apostol, ndi Decembrists kuposa kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira ndi asilikali molamulidwa ndi akapitawo - mamembala a "Kumwera Society".

Kugalukira wa Chernigov Regiment

Pambuyo kulephera kwa mawu a asilikali pa Senate Square (Saint Petersburg), kumapeto kwa December 1815 mu Chernigov Regiment, anakhazikika m'chigawo cha Kiev, anayamba asilikali chiwawa. Chifukwa chiwembu anali kumangidwa kwa msilikali wamkulu S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, amene iye mwini Regiment mkulu atalandira uthenga wa kugalukira ku St. Petersburg. Tsiku lotsatira, opandukawo anatenga Vasilkov, kenako Motovilovka. Mu Motovilovka kutsogolo kwa mzere anawerenga kulengeza opandukawo ( "Orthodox Katekisimu"), zomwe wapangidwa Nyerere-Apostol ndi Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Chernigov Regiment anayamba kusamukira ku St. Petersburg ndi chiyembekezo kuti imayendetsedwa ndi mayunitsi ena a asilikali. Komabe, anazindikira anali opanda pake, ndipo pansi White Church, Regiment anali atazunguliridwa ndi detachment wa hussars ndi gunners. January 3, 1826, anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a boma. Wamng'ono m'bale Sergei Ivanovich, Hippolytus, wosafuna kuti linalandidwa, kuwombera, ndipo iye yekha zoipa anavulazidwa, analandidwa. Pa kufufuza, iye zinthu molimba mtima ndipo nobly, akuyesetsa kuphimba comrades wake ndi kuganiza bwinobwino mlandu onse.

Decembrist kuyenda mu Russia

kayendedwe Decembrists 'mu Russia anali apadera kuti nkhabe amadalira stratum makamaka chikhalidwe, ndipo, kupita pa chiopsezo wakupha yomasulira anthu, kuyang'ana pa iye thandizo. Vuto la interregnum atamwalira mwadzidzidzi Alexander I kutenga alonda regiments Decembrists pa Senate Square kuti afumye Senate kulengeza za kuwonongedwa kwa autocracy ndi kuwonongedwa kwa serfdom ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu ndale.

Kukayikakayika posankha zochita ndi uncoordinated ya anthu achiwembu aja zinachititsa kuti chiwembu cha Decembrists (1825) anagonjetsedwa. High Court Wachifwamba unakhazikitsidwa kuti mlandu wa a mutiny asilikali, adatsutsidwa poyerekezera ndi anthu 121. Mogwirizana ndi mlingo wa mlandu wa onse amene analowa mndandanda wa Decembrists, iwo anali ogaŵikana tithe 11. kalasi yoyamba, kupereka chilango cha imfa woyamba ndiyeno m'malo mwa ntchito lopitirira zovuta, anthu 31 adatsutsidwa. anthu asanu anazindikira Commission ya Kufufuza ndi kukha anaweruzidwa kuti apachikidwe, kuphatikizapo Nyerere-Apostol SERGEY Ivanovich. Mu July 1826 chiganizo zinachitikadi.

Nyumba Muraviev-Apostol

Manor Mouravieff-Apostol mu Moscow ili pa Old Baseina Street. Pambuyo Decembrists (1825) panali kupanduka, nyumba anagulitsidwa. Kupitirizabe chikumbukiro cha boma loyamba Russian akadali ndinaganiza Lunacharsky, amene ankati azitsegula nyumba Museum malo a Decembrists. Kukhazikitsa dongosolo chimenechi mu 1986, koma zaka zisanu patapita chinatsekedwa chifukwa nyumba kuonongeka. Anaitanidwa 1991 ndi ana a Mouravieff-Apostol anasankha kubwezeretsa pomanga khama banja. Pambuyo pafupifupi khumi ntchito mwakhama waukulu Manor nyumba wakhala anakongoletsa ndi anausiya kwa Decembrists owonetsera zakale. Pakali pano, zonse makamu zisudzo ndi maulendo.