Boris Godunov: yochepa mbiri. Zoweta ndi achilendo mfundo Borisa Godunova

Boris Godunov anabadwa mu 1552 ku banja lotchuka boyar. Iye anali Chitata mizu. Atate Boris, Fyodor, ndi amenenso kakang'ono mu dela la mzinda, pafupi ndi tauni ya Vyazma. Mu 1569, bambo mnyamata anamwalira, ndipo Boris anasamukira ku Amalume Dmitri, amene anakhala oprichnik. Iye anatumikira mu dongosolo la bedi. Kumbuyo kwake namtsata ndi mphwake achinyamata Boris Godunov. Mwachidule yonena za lake kudzachitika-kuchoka m'gulu ukwati ndi mwana wamkazi Malyuta Skuratov - waukulu asilikali dziko.

pafupifupi KWAMBIRI

Boris anakumana ndi Tsar Ivan m'khutu, amene apanga ubwenzi ngakhale chikhalidwe fastidious wolamulirayo. Iye kukwatira mwana wake wamng'ono Theodore Boris mchemwali Irina. Kamodzi anataya ankayembekezera kulowa ufumu Ivan, udindo uwu ndi imfa mng'ono wake.

Koma mpaka zaka zomalizira za mfumu Boris anapitiriza kuchita zinthu mosamala m'bwalo. Pamodzi ndi Bogdanom Belskim anakhala chiyerekezo Ivana Groznogo. Sir Dzherom Gorsey, yemwe anali kazembe British, analemba kuti pakati pa awiri a iwo anali kumverera mwana ndi bambo. Ngati mfumu yamwalira, Womutsatira anali kuphatikizapo Boris Godunov. Mwachidule Wambiri ya Boyar analandira kupindika latsopano. Tsopano ndiye mbale mu Tsar Fedor.

mlamu wa mfumu

Last Rurikovich osiyana olobodoka ndi chikhalidwe wofatsa. Iye analibe maluso utsogoleri kapena bwana. Ake konse wokonzedwera kwa udindo wa mkulu wa mphamvu yaikulu. Choncho, bungwe la boyars anayi lisanalengedwe (kuphatikizapo Godunov), amene anapereka malangizo kwa mfumu yekha ankachita nawo nkhani ndondomeko. Nthawi yomweyo anayamba kutseka intrigue ndi mnzake kuti tichotse mpikisano kwambiri kwa mfumu. magulu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo pa malo banja, miseche adani amene anaonekera mu mayenje a mdima ndipo anazunzidwa.

mofulumira kwambiri, mlangizi yekha ndi zachinsinsi za mfumu Boris Godunov. Mwachidule yonena za mfumu mbale mu nthawi zimenezi zimaphatikizapo gulu la chisankho, mbadwa choyamba. Ichi chinali chinthu chofunikira kwa kulimbitsa mpingo ndi boma. Atagwa Byzantium, Russia anakhalabe yofunika Orthodoxy. ansembe Greek munasiya mu dziko. Choncho, anaganiza kuti kholo oyamba adzakhala Russian Metropolitan Job.

aluso regent

Kenako, Boris anali kulimbana ndi zinawonongekera, amene anatsalira ku dzikoli atachokako sikunachitekepo kupondereza Ivana Groznogo ndi kukhalapo oprichnina. Mu malo oyamba tinayamba kumanga mzinda. Pambuyo Chitata Khanate wa Kazan ndi Astrakhan anagwidwa, ndi Volga ankafunika m'malinga ambiri chitetezo ku wongosamukasamuka. Choncho, Samara, Saratov ndi Tsaritsyn. Yomanga zinachitikadi ndi malire zina ufumu waukulu (Belgorod, Voronezh, Livny). Posachedwapa, ndi Cossacks Ermak anagonjetsa kumadzulo Siberia, ndipo tsopano ku eksodo Unyinji wa atsamunda ndi anthu akhama. Kotero apo Tomsk. chilengedwe ichi onse ankalimbikitsa Boris Godunov. Mwachidule yonena mkwatibwi m'gulu zinyalala zambiri popanga mapulani a m'tawuni.

nkhani ina yofunika anali m'mavuto a zachuma. Land ndi kulima, mbewu anapereka kupanga pang'ono. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, milandu akhala pafupipafupi KWAMBIRI njala. Borisa Godunova mfundo pankhaniyi linali chakuti ndondomeko za ukapolo wa wamba unayambitsidwa, omwe anakhala katundu wa nzika za. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti msanga kulenga lalikulu ndi khola ntchito zaulimi, kubweretsa zokolola. Mu 1597 yosainidwa lamulo pa zaka nthawi malire - nthawi imene wamba amathawathawa anakhudzidwa ndi kulangidwa ndi akuluakulu. Ndiye nthawi ya zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.

mfundo yachilendo

Ngakhale kuti ufulu ofunda kuti Fedor, zochita zonse zofunika mbale wake lamulo zonse kukana mfumu. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi mfundo yachilendo ya Boris Godunov. Mu 1591 panali nkhondo ya Crimea Khan Kazi Giray. Anali kupita ngakhale Moscow, koma atakumana ndi watsopano, kumene anamanga mzere wa malinga, analowa kumbuyo. ngolo yake yaikulu saloledwa kukhala liwiro kwambiri. Army, amene anali Godunov, mmwamba ndi Tartars ndi kuwaononga. Nditabwerera ku likulu, zinali Boris anali amapatsa ndi mtima yachifumu, ngakhale warlord waukulu ankaimba Fedor Mstislavsky.

ndawala ina yofunika anali nkhondo ndi Sweden. Pambuyo analephera Ivana Groznogo ku Livonia ku Russia anali zofunkha gawo Nyanja Baltic. Choncho, Fedor ndi Boris ankafuna kubwezera. Iwo anapambana chifukwa cha zochita mgwirizano pakati pa asilikali. Mu 1593 pangano mtendere chinasainidwira umene Russia analandira Ivangorod, Koporje ndi madera ena anataya Grozny. Zoweta ndi achilendo mfundo Borisa Godunova anali limodzi ndi kupambana.

Imfa ya Prince wotchedwa Dmitry

Mu 1591, chisoni anafa mng'ono Fedor wotchedwa Dmitry. Ngati mfumu sakhala ndi olowa, ndiye mwana ameneyu kulandira mpandowachifumu. Iye ankakhala mu Uglich, kumene anakafa m'mikhalidwe mwachinsinsi. Kuti tipeze chifukwa cha imfa ya wolowa nyumba wa, Moscow anatumiza ntchito lotsogoleredwa ndi mbuye anaima Vasiliy Shuysky. Iye ankafuna kusangalatsa Godunov ndipo ananena kuti mwanayo anamwalira chifukwa chosasamala ndi kusasamala kwa akuthandizeni awo, pamene ankaimba ndi mpeni. Kenako, pamene Boris anayamba kulamulira, anthu ambiri adayamba kumnenera chiwembucho ndi kupha Dmitri. Poyamba anali chabe mphekesera, koma mapeto anakhala chifukwa cha kugwa kwa mfumu.

Coronation ndi kupondereza

Fedor ankasiyana amadwaladwala. Choncho imfa yake mu 1598 palibe aliyense anadabwa. Koma chilumba linali funso m'malo a. Mfumu anabereka mwana wamkazi, koma iwo anafa ali wakhanda. zinthu zinavuta wapadera, chifukwa patsogolo kuti anali mbadwa za Rurik nthawi mzere wolunjika. Yofunika anali mawu a mkazi wa mfumu Irina, amene anapereka mphamvu kwa m'bale wake.

Kaperekedwe Boris Godunov mu mtima wake. Monga regent wa Fedor, anatola zinachitikira wolemera BOMA. Mphamvu mu chifaniziro cha anthu a nthawi imeneyo, anali chopatsika mwa Mulungu. Godunov pobadwa sanali mbali ya mafumu kulamulira. Choncho, ambiri amaona chabe woyamba pakati ofanana mu za Boyar Duma.

Zimenezi sanathe koma bwanji Boris, amene anayamba kuzunza zovuta. Iye anakhala zolakwika. Ambirimbiri anayamba ntchito imeneyi ndi miseche adani. Mwachitsanzo, izo zinachitika kwa Romanovs. Mutu wa banja Fedor Nikitich anatumizidwa ansembe ndi iye mlandu wa mfumu chiwembu. Wina basi kuchotsedwa bwalo.

Njala ndi m'mphawi kuukira

Ndipo, koma, mikangano amaudindo apamwamba mphamvu sikumangotikhudza anthu ambiri - wamba. "Pansi" panalibe kukana kuti mphamvu Boris Godunov. Tsoka kunabuka patatha zaka zochepa coronation lapansi. Mu 1601 njala yaikulu m'dziko lawo lonse. A nyengo inali nyengo yozizira, chifukwa cha chimenechi chinathetsa mbali yaikulu ya mbewu. maphunziro amakono amanena kuti chifukwa cha izi zinali kuphulika kwa phiri ku America South ndipo kudzikundikira wotsatira wa phulusa mu mlengalenga. mwanjira ina, koma kunali kuzizira ndipo mu Europe. Izi si kupeza cholakwika, Boris, koma wamba ankasiyana malodza ndi njala zinachititsa kuti kuchuluka kusagwirizana chikhalidwe.

The landlords, amene sanathe chakudya kuwakonda serfs, anamasulidwa iwo. Kuti sadali kanthu koma ndi kulanda m'misewu, kuti mwanjira kupeza chakudya ndi umoyo. Ena nzika anabisa mbewu zawo kupulumuka nthawi lovutali. Pamene Izi zinadziwika kwa anthu wamba anayamba pogroms. Kotero kuvutika wotchuka kugalukira thonje, kumene khamu lalikulu la asilikali anakwiya osauka anapita ku Moscow. Iye wawonongeka, koma sanali kuwonjezera mphamvu Pop. Tsar Boris Godunov analamula ndi kufufuza kuti zimayambitsa nkhaniyi. Iye anayesera kuthandiza osowa chakudya. Mu Moscow, anatsegula nkhokwe ndi mkate. Komabe, kuwolowa manja anatsogolera chakuti likulu yopita tramps kudutsa dziko. bins anadzikhuthula posachedwa.

Maonekedwe a wonamizira ndi

Zitachitika zinthu zimenezi, khalidwe la Boris Godunov mu maso a m'nthawi yake anali yodetsa. Nthawiyi, kumadzulo chinapululutsa mphekesera zoti mwana wa Ivan Groznogo wotchedwa Dmitry moyo ndi kale anatumizidwa ku Moscow kutulutsa Godunov ndi kubwezeretsa mafumu yovomerezeka. Izi kunapezeka kuti wonamizira Grigory Otrepyev. Zinali wothawa mmonke amene anasamukira ku Poland. Mothandizidwa ndi anthu otchuka m'deralo, iye pakati pa intrigue - ndi kunamizira akufa wotchedwa Dmitry kulanda mphamvu Russia. Iye anali wokhoza kuti tikumane ndi Polish Mfumu Sigismund. Fuko lomveka Yury Mnishek anam'patsa ndalama ndi asilikali. Komanso Otrepiev woyamba limodzi ndi Cossacks wa Zaporozhye Sech.

mphamvu za zipani

Moyo Borisa Godunova pa nthawi zinali zovuta. M'dziko la ukali kugalukira. Njala ndiponso mwaukali wamba mosangalala anayenda pansi pa mbendera ya wotchedwa Dmitry Zonama.

Komabe, wonyenga sanathe kukonza nkhondo yake bwino. asilikali Russian anawoloka malire a mu October, pamene izo zinayambira mvula ndi kuzizira. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha kuchedwa ndi Kuchedwa Poland. Wina kulephera mwatsatanetsatane Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry chinali chakuti nkhondo ya Crimea Khan ku Moscow. Mu Poland ankaganiza kuti tsar Russian kuti pakati pa moto uwiri, chifukwa cha zimene kudzakhala kovuta bungwe chitetezo. Komabe, Kazi Giray sanayese n'komwe kupita ndi asilikali kuti Moscow. drawback wina anali chosowa kumuwombera Falsdmitry zida zankhondo.

Koma panali alakwitse, ndi Boris Godunov. Chisoni chinali kuti anachita uthenga sanali kwambiri za ena wonyengezera. Iye, azungu sizinakhale chabe, ndipo ndi ntchito kampeni ogwira, omwe anakhala likulu la Oster Castle.

kugonjetsedwa Falsdmitry

wonamizira asilikali unagawidwa pawiri. Mu woyamba anali Cossacks, amene poyera anayenda misewu. Asilikali chachiwiri, limene linali Lzhedmitry, anadutsa nkhalango. Woyamba unagwa Morawski Chernigov ndi wopanda nkhondo. Koma Novgorod-Seversky sanafune kusiya, ndi mbuye m'dera Peter Basmanov bungwe la chitetezo, analandira reinforcements ku midzi yoyandikana nayo. Mu malo omwewo nkhondo yoyamba ya nkhondoyo, imene anapambana wonyengezera. Boris Godunov anadabwitsidwa ndi nkhani. Kenako anatumiza kumadzulo Bwanamkubwa Fedora Mstislavskogo.

Panthawi imeneyi mu "kalonga" manja anali Kursk, kupatula Rylsk ndi Sevsk. Mstislavsky adakomana naye pafupi ndi mudzi Dobrynichi January 21, 1605. 20 zikwi asilikali achifumu anaukira mbali 23,000 ya wotchedwa Dmitry Zonama. bwino inali ya Moscow Ratiu. Wonamizira anathawira Putivl. Izo zinkawoneka kuti chigonjetso chomaliza.

imfa

Koma mwadzidzidzi panali imfa ya Boris Godunov. April 13 53 wazaka mfumu inamvera chizungulire pambuyo chakudya ndi mwamsanga anamwalira. Posachedwapa, anadwala kwambiri chifukwa cha katundu lalikulu. Koma akadali sadayidziwa chimodzimodzi chimene chinali chifukwa kunyamuka izi kwa moyo. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti Godunov poizoni yekha kapena kutaya mtima, kapena winawake bwalo anabzala iye chiphe.

Kuti tikupeza kuti tsopano si zotheka koma chifukwa chakuti mfumu zotsalira anali reburied kangapo. chakuti pambuyo pa imfa yake pa mpando wachifumu anali mwana wake Theodore. Koma anagwetsedwa ndi kupha Falsdmitry (monga mayi wake). Mu ulamuliro uwu Godunov mafumu inatha. Mavuto anayamba, imene akuluakulu ankati magulu ambiri ndipo ngakhale Zitsulo. Koma pambuyo pake anakhala mfumu Mikhail Romanov - mwana Fedora Nikiticha, amene obisika anatumiza Boris Godunov. History potsiriza adzaweruzidwa otsutsa.