Kulemba of Ancient Egypt

Kulemba Egypt zinali zochokera hieroglyphs. Izi zilembo zovuta zambiri ankangomumwaza wosalira ndipo stylized chifaniziro cha chinthu kapena munthu wamoyo. Kulemba ku Egypt - umboni akale - mu nthawi yatsopano wapezeka zipilala, ndi zotsalira za mizati amtunduwu, ziboliboli ndi manda. Izi zinachitika pa nthawi imene ofufuza European anaphunzira za dziko ichi kalelo.

Dzina "hieroglyphics" uli ndi Ahelene. Iwo litalanda mu 332 BC m'mayiko wakale motsogozedwa Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ku mawu achigiriki "khalidwe" kumatanthauza anawamasulira kuti "wopatulika chosema."

Ofufuza kulemba Aigupto okongola kwambiri padziko lapansi. The yabwino anthu samakhoza kulenga. Koma mu 5 m'ma AD, kakale kulemba ku Egypt aiwala ndi zaka masauzande ambiri, anthu anayi chinsinsi ngakhale kwa anthu am'deralo lapansi. Pankhaniyi, osati dziko lino koma kulikonse mu dziko palibe amene akanakhoza kumvetsa izo. Kumvetsa ndi kulemba ku Egypt anayesa m'zaka 16-17. Vutoli wakhala anayesa kuthetsa asayansi ambiri.

Ndi kutha kwa chitukuko adatayika, ndipo kuti tithe kumvetsa akale kakale kulemba. The hieroglyphs wakale chatha losema 394 AD pa za. Kachisi wa Isisi mu Philae. The zaposachedwapa kudziwika lemba anali m'chinenero lolembedwa 452 AD.

Ikulu mbiri nyengo (za zitatu ndi theka zaka) ndiwo malemba. Kumene, pa nthawi iyi, chakale la Iguputo anasintha. Akatswiri muchigawane mwa magawo asanu a chitukuko:

- Old chinenero Igupto ankagwiritsa ntchito pa Ufumu Old (28-23 m'ma BC ...);

- mu nthawi kuchokera zaka 22 mpaka 16. BC Lidalembedwa tingachipeze powerenga (sredneegipetsky) chinenero;

- pa 16 -13 zaka. BC. e. - chinenero Chakumapeto Aigupto;

- m'chinenero Aiguputo anali ndi 8 mu chinenero. BC. e. 5 atumwi a m'nthawi yathu ino.

- 3-mu. N. imelo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito chinenero Chikoputiki.

Pambuyo nkhondo ya chinenero Aluya Chikoputiki mu 7 m'ma AD akuyamba pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa Arabic.

Kulemba Egypt imatengedwa, limodzi ndi zolemba Sumeri, ndi yakale kwambiri mu dziko. Tikumbukenso kuti n'chimodzimodzi ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko lino wakale, wapanga mokwanira paokha. Chiwerengero cha zizindikiro kakale, ambiri - penapake pafupi mazana asanu ndi awiri. zinthu payekha kalata akanakhoza inachokera mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimadalira amadalira nthawi ndi mbali ndi luso la mlembi. Mbali imeneyi, mu malo oyamba ofufuza amatchedwa hieratic (kalembedwe ka) kulemba.

Sami otchulidwa anawagawira ndi maonekedwe awo. Gulu la Gardiner (English Egyptologist) imatengedwa kuti azikondedwa.

Anthu ku Iguputo ntchito kulemba zigawo zitatu:

- hieratic,

- kakale

- ndipo m'chinenero.

Kakale dongosolo oyambirira, malinga zithunzi ndi pictograms. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito pa buku la mabuku achipembedzo.

dongosolo Hieratic ndi wosalira kalembedwe ka mawonekedwe a dongosolo kakale. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza malonda ndi malamulo malemba.

mtundu wina wa dongosolo wakhala shorthand m'chinenero.

Kudziwa kulemba anthu Igupto sanathe wasayansi zoposa 2000 zaka. Mu Rosetta, pafupi Alexandria, mu 1799 anatulukira ndi miyala yaing'ono basalt. Iwo linalembedwa ndi lamulo la Farao Ptolemy wachisanu. kujambula linapangidwa mu zigawo zitatu: kakale, m'chinenero ndi Greek. Stone, dzina lake Rosetta, ndi limodzi mwa apeza zofunika kwambiri asayansi, Egyptologists, chifukwa munali kuti tithe kumvetsa kalata wakale. Kuthetsa chinsinsi cha hieroglyphics mu 1822 anapambana ndi France Zh.F.Shampolonu.