Dzina wakale wa akale mizinda mndandanda, mbiri ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Mbiri ya anthu amabwerera zaka. chidwi chachikulu ndi kuphunzira Nthawi zosiyanasiyana. M'nkhani ino owerenga ndi bwino maina a midzi ndi mbiri yawo mu Ages Middle.

Makhalidwe onse a mizinda akale

Nthawi ya Ages Middle ndi zovuta ndi maganizo mu mbiri ya anthu. kufunika kwake mu mapangidwe mizinda ndi zoopsa. Pa chitukuko mu Ages Middle, motsogoleredwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• m'mizinda ya ku Ulaya anatengera mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa Ufumu wa Roma. Iwo anapulumuka masiku ano.
• Mu mapangidwe midzi akale ankaimba chachikulu maulendo udindo malonda yolumikiza Europe ndi East.

• Kodi chofunika ndi pamene amonke ndi nyumba yomwe anali zoyambira za mizinda m'tsogolo. Ngakhale yekha ena okhala mafumu ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono anathandiza kuti kukula kwa vuto la zachuma a mzinda.
• Chofunika kwambiri anali nkhondo, umene kwa zaka mosalekeza. Cholinga kumbuyo kwa nyumbayi anali ndi kutalika kwambiri, misewu anali yopapatiza, malo - otsika.
• Chodabwitsa Zapakati ndi chitukuko m'matauni a Aluya. Iwo kulikonse anamanga misasa zankhondo. Kulamulira dziko anagonjetsa, anamanga citadel, amene Aluya otchedwa Shahristani. Pali onse anakakhala: olamulira, awo antchito, ogwira, osema, squads asilikali. Shakhristans anamanga mozungulira kukagawira, wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba makoma.
• East mumzinda wa mu Ages Middle wosiyana anthu European. Alipo mu dongosolo limodzi la boma, koma analibe ufulu.

Mdina

Mzinda akale anali likulu loyambirira la Malta. Mu njira ina imatchedwa mzinda chete. Ndi kuthetsa woyamba wa anthu amatanthauza Mkuwa Age, naini BC. Malo okhala ku Foinike anasankha pamwamba pa phiri. Pamudzi anali atazunguliridwa ndi makoma kuteteza kuukira kwa mafuko ena.

Kodi anakopeka malo ano a m'midziyi wakale? Pali malo a pansi chifukwa chimene anthu yaitali kupirira asilikali, popanda kupita kunja nyumba atetezeke. mzinda wafika kulemera kuposa kale lonse, pamene ankalamulidwa ndi Aroma. Kenako, pamene Mdina ulamuliro ankadutsa Aluya, mumzinda lidagawikana m'magulu, mmodzi amene anadziwika monga Rabat.

Ages Middle kuti Mdina zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro wasamuka mu izo wa olemekezeka. Mu mmasate za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, mzinda chimatengedwa ngati wodziimira amapeza udindo wa Pamudzi yoyenda yokha. Pokhapokha Ankhondo kuti kutenga nawo mafungulo ku mzinda. Kenako eni Mdina zinasintha kambirimbiri, ndipo iwo zokhudzana ndi dzina la mizinda akale.

Constantinople

Magwero a akale maina mzinda yophiphiritsira. Constantinople - mzinda wa Ufumu wa Byzantine ndi miyambo amphamvu wakale. chiyambi chake chokhudzana ndi mzinda wakale Greek wa Byzantium. Constantinople inamangidwa mu malo ake, ndipo zinali zofunika kwambiri njira: malo a malo a mzinda wakale anakhala chilumba, yemwe ankapita ku Bosporus, ndipo - mu Nyanja Black.

Byzantium linakhazikitsidwa ndi atsamunda Greek mu 660 BC, koma Constantinople kuposa iye. Dera mzinda ali mapiri asanu ndi awiri, monga Rome. Malinga ndi iye mchifanizo cha mphamvu, nyumba unapangidwa bungwe ku Constantinople kwa anthu olemera. Mbiri ya oyambirira Byzantine nthawi zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha udindo wa mphamvu dziko, kumene misewu ya zinasungidwa, a ku Roma ndi Constantinople anagwirizira zigawo zikuluzikulu za dziko ndi nyanja njirazo. City anagwirizira udindo waukulu pakati pa nyanja ziwiri: Black ndi Mediterranean.

Mzinda akale a Romania

Chidwi kwambiri kwa anthu a kudzinenera osiyana, makamaka kwa asayansi, ndi mzinda akale. Lembani maina a mizinda ina kusungidwa motere:

• Sighisoara - mzinda wokongola kwambiri Transylvania, yomwe ili pamwamba pa phiri. Iye ankaona malo Dracula. mzinda uwu ali ndi dzina German Shessburg ndi Chihangare - Shegeshvar. Iwo unakhazikitsidwa ndi atsamunda German m'zaka za chitatu. Iwo anamanga mpanda wolimba, mipingo, ndi Clock Tower. mazana angapo mzinda pothawirapo andale ndi asilikali. Zipolopolo, kubedwa chuma, mapepala wapatali ndi chakudya anali kusungidwa kwina. wotchi nsanja anali atazunguliridwa ndi khoma lolimba, ndi chirichonse anali. Pofika m'zaka za cinai Shessburg analandira udindo wa mzinda ufulu nakhala pakati kutsogolera malonda ndi ntchito zamanja ku Eastern Europe.

• Brasov - mzinda si otsika kukongola Sibiu, amene analandira dzina lina - Romania Salzburg. Ankakhala mu mzinda wa Romania. Woyamba timva olembedwa a mzinda kunayamba 1235. Maina a midzi akale European zambiri zinasintha. Kotero chinachitika kwa Brasov. Iye ankatchedwa Brasco, Stefanopolisom, Brasso, Kronstadt. The yabwino Hrs malo ndi kugwirizana ndi midzi ina asiya mzinda kukhala chuma mofulumira, potero Brasov posakhalitsa anakhala malo aakulu a Transylvania.

Dzina la mizinda akale: Georgia ndi Armenia

Major mizinda ya nthawi iyi inkakhala ndi citadel mumzinda ndi mzinda. City otchedwa Shahastan, wolamulira - amir. mfumu yake. Mumzindawo anali anthu a makalasi osiyanasiyana, koma ambiri anali amalonda ndi amisiri. Dzina yeniyeni m'matauni akale (aliyense wa iwo), zotsatirazi ku Georgia ndi Armenia:

• Ani udindo wa mzinda analandira ndi m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi. Pasanakhale linga pa mtsinje Akhuryan. Amakhala otanganidwa 961, pamene analandira udindo likulu la Ufumu wa Bagratuni. zaka makumi asanu patapita anakhala likulu la Middle East. Kukula mofulumira mzinda chatsimikizika koposa zonse, malo Hrs wa Ani ili ku likulu la ufumu ndi malire ndi maiko ena: Russia, Byzantium, Iran, Aghvank ndi Georgia.
• Karin - lakale mzinda Chiameniya. maina ena: Theodosiopolis, kuyambira zaka khumi - Erzurum. Karin anakhala mzinda yotchedwa ndi makoma awiri, nsanja ndi moats kumbuyo. Karin anadutsa njira za apaulendo kuti zogwirizana Kummawa ndi Kumadzulo. Koma Karin sanakhale ndi mzinda wofunika kwambiri mu dziko chifukwa nkhondo pafupipafupi.
• Van - mzinda wakale wa Armenia, tsiku limene maziko ndi chinayi m'ma BC. Ndi malo waukulu kupanga Chotsimikizika malonda. Ambuye anali wotanganidwa zida mbiya, zodzikongoletsera weavers.

Mizinda akale a Kazakhstan

Cities la dziko la nthawi iyi ndi mbiri yochititsa chidwi. Koma tsopano zotsala yekha zinasungidwa mwa iwo. Dzina m'matauni akale ku Kazakhstan zachilendo khutu ano. Ena anapereka m'munsimu m'nkhani:

• Otrar. Malo pa chigwa cha Syr Darya Mtsinje. Asayansi kuyitana confluence awiri mitsinje, Syr Darya ndi Arys, Otrar chitsime. mzinda anali ndi yabwino malo Hrs: izo ili ku mphambano za misewu yambiri. Zinali malo kopindulitsa kwambiri ndi owopsa ku Central Asia. Nkhondo yogonjetsa adani, amene kwa zaka, anasandutsa mzinda wotukuka mabwinja. Masiku ano akufanana pabwalo owonetsera zakale.

• Sauran. mzinda uno linakhazikitsidwa ndi mafuko Oguz Kimaks kumene walemba zimenezi nagula nazo malonda. mzinda anali wamphamvu linga ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri amphamvu ndi nyumba yapadera yomwe kupirira kuzinga yaitali popanda madzi ndi chakudya. Momwe dera limeneli limatchedwa-gulu likulu analandira m'nthawi ya chinayi. Panthawi imeneyi, ulimi ceramic anakafika onse nthawi pachimake. magwero olembedwa akusonyeza kuti Sauran inali yaikulu ndi olemera mzinda.

Kulimbitsa mkati mwa mzinda

Mu Middle Ages mpanda kuchinga kutsekeramo osati wozungulira kunja kwa mzinda, komanso malo ambiri. Pa nthawiyo anali poteteza mzindawu kwa kumenyana zonse ndi magulu ena ndi mkati. Pa nthawi ya adani, anthu anafunika kupeza malo ogona, kunja kwa mzinda, kumene anadikira chiwonongeko mosalephera, choncho chitetezo anamanga ndi mkati mwa mudzi, kudziteteza ku zinthu zimene tingayembekezere nthawi iliyonse. Kuopsa anali nthawi zonse, ngakhale panalibe nkhondo ofunda.

Dzina la mtima mkati mu Russian tawuni akale zimadalira mtundu kutonthozedwa. Chophweka anali capes mtundu. Childs kuthetsa osankhidwa malo atazunguliridwa zigwembe anapanga kapena confluence. Mmene la mumzinda kutetezedwa pa mbali, koma chinamasulidwa pambali pansi. Mu malo awa ndi anamanga malinga: ngalande, makoma, palisades. A mtima onse a Ages Middle inali mizinda okha, mchitidwe umenewu ndi nyumba.

Monga ulamuliro, iwo zikugwira ntchito yomanga mphamvu, ndipo ngati ofooka, atsogoleri ndi ambuye a boma, monga ku France kapena Italy. Cities ku Germany ndi mtima mkati, wotchedwa Burg. Iwo anali malamulo awo.

mfundo zosangalatsa

• Anthu chi anatchulidwa kwambiri kawirikawiri kuchapa chifukwa iwo ankakhulupirira kuti iye anali mu thupi la madzi kupatsira izo.
• London mu Ages Middle tsiku limodzi m'ng'anjo msewu matani makumi asanu chimbudzi.
• Medieval mizinda analibe msewu ndi phula pa misewu. Anthu anali kuyenda pansi, yokutidwa ndi lawola zotsalira nyama, nyenyeswa za chakudya, chimbudzi. Choncho, amaika kuipitsa misewu ya London zinachititsa kuti zikamera a zapaderazi latsopano la anthu amene ankakonza ndowe ndi zinyalala. Anthu awa otchedwa Zolotarev, monga ntchito zauve iwo analipira ndalama zambiri.