Collectivization wa zaulimi: zolinga, akamanena za zotsatira

Mu nthawi ya mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha boma Soviet, chiyambi cha mbiri yomwe amalembedwa chigonjetso cha Bolsheviks pa October kuukira boma, panali zambiri zikuluzikulu ntchito zachuma amene akutsatiridwa miyeso kuyeza malamulo. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi collectivization ulimi, zolinga, chikhalidwe, zotsatira, ndi njira imene inali nkhani imeneyi.

Kodi collectivization ndi cholinga chake?

Collectivization ulimi akhoza mwachidule umakhala ngati ndondomeko chilengedwe cha merging wa minda yaing'ono payekha ulimi kucheza lalikulu gulu, amatchedwa gulu chidule. Mu 1927 zinachitika yotsatira XV Congress wa CPSU (b), amene anayamba kukhazikitsa pulogalamu, ndipo kenako anapanga mbali yaikulu ya malire a dziko ndi 1933.

Collectivization, malinga ndi mtsogoleri wa MCP, anali kulola dziko pofuna kuthana ndi pachimake pa nthawi vuto chakudya ndi kukonzanso kwa minda ang'onoang'ono a anthu wamba pakati ndi wosauka, mu lalikulu gulu maofesi ulimi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuyembekezera okwana Kupha kulaks kumidzi ananena mdani kusinthika zokomera.

Zimayambitsa collectivization

The initiators wa collectivization anaona vuto lalikulu la ulimi mu kugawikana ake. Ambiri ang'ono-ang'ono olima, akumanidwa mwayi kupeza zipangizo zamakono, makamaka ntchito m'minda ya otsika zokolola ndi inefficient ntchito yamanja, amene sanawalole kupeza mkulu zokolola. Chotsatira wakhala kusowa kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi zipangizo mafakitale yaiwisi.

Pothetsa nkhani yofunikayi ndipo zinatumizidwa kwa collectivization wathunthu wa zaulimi. Tsiku malo ena ake kukhazikitsa, ndipo amaona kuti December 19, 1927 - tsiku la akamaliza XV Congress wa CPSU (b) linandithandizanso mu moyo wa m'mudzi. Iwo anayamba zachiwawa yopuma-mmwamba zaka poyamba njira Kukwatiwa wa moyo.

Kodi izo - sindikudziwa chomwe

Mosiyana ndi kukonza kale agrarian mu Russia, monga akuyendera 1861 ndi Alexander II ndi Stolypin mu 1906, collectivization anathamangitsa ndi achikomyunizimu analibe dongosolo zimasonyeza, kapena kutchuliratu njira za kukwaniritsidwa kwake.

Party Congress anauzidwa pa kusintha mfundo poyerekezera ulimi, ndi atsogoleri zina kumeneku anali okha, pa chiopsezo chawo, kukhazikitsa izo. Ngakhale analepheretsa zoyesayesa zawo akaonekere kwa boma mfundo.

ndondomeko wayamba

Komabe, ndondomeko, yemwe anayambitsa ndi Party Congress, nalowa chaka chotsatira analanda mbali yaikulu ya dziko. Ngakhale kuti kulowa boma mu munda analengeza zaufulu, nthawi zambiri, chilengedwe chonse cha miyezo kayendetsedwe ndi malamulo.

M'chaka cha 1929 mu USSR panali agroupolnomochennye - akuluakulu okacheza ndi monga oimira maulamuliro apamwamba boma kuwayang'anira patsogolo collectivization. Iwo anapatsidwa kuthandiza magulu ambiri Komsomol komanso posungira kumanganso moyo wakumudzi.

Stalin anali "wamkulu zinasintha" mu moyo wa Amaya

Tsiku lotsatira, tsiku la 12 la zisinthe - November 7, 1928, nyuzipepala "Pravda" Stalin lofalitsidwa nkhani yomwe ananena kuti anali "wamkulu zinasintha" mu moyo wa m'mudzi. Malinga ndi iye, dziko wakhala anatha kusintha mbiri ku ulimi ang'ono-ang'ono ulimi zamakono, kuvala maziko gulu.

Limaperekanso zizindikiro zambiri yeniyeni (makamaka akukokomeza), zimene zinasonyeza kuti collectivization kulikonse anabweretsa ubwino chogwirika zachuma. Kuchokera tsiku limenelo ndemanga za akonzi ambiri manyuzipepala Soviet anadzazidwa ndi matamando "mayendedwe kuwina wa collectivization."

Zimene alimi collectivization anakakamizika

Chithunzi chenicheni ndi ukasintha wosiyana kwa anayesera kuti azipereka ziwalo mabodza. Moumiriza kuchotsa yambewu Amaya pamodzi ndi kumangidwa ambiri ndi chiwonongeko cha minda zoona, ali analumphira dziko mu nkhondo latsopano boma. Pa nthawi imene Stalin ananena zokhudza chigonjetso cha kukhazikitsanso zokomera wa m'mudzi, m'madera ambiri a dziko unayaka wamba zolakwa, ndi mapeto a 1929 mu mazana.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, kupanga enieni a ulimi, mosiyana ndi zimene anthu mtsogoleri wa MCP si kukula ndi kugwa catastrophically. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti alimi ambiri, poopa owerengedwa ndi nkhonya, safuna kupereka chuma chake kwa munda, mbewu mwadala kuchepetsedwa ndi ziweto kuphedwa. Choncho, collectivization wathunthu - makamaka ndondomeko chowawa, kukanidwa ndi ambiri okhala kumidzi, koma kugwiritsa ntchito njira kukakamiza boma.

Pofunafuna kufulumizitsa ndondomekoyi

Kenaka, mu November 1929, anaganiza kwambiri ndondomeko wayamba kukonzanso ulimi kutumiza m'mudzi wa 25 chikwi. The okhunzidwa ndi yogwira ogwira ntchito kumeneko kutsogolera analengedwa ndi minda losonkhanitsidwa. nkhani imeneyi analowa mbiri ya dziko monga gulu la "twente-faifi-Thousander". Kenako, pamene collectivization anatenga kuchuluka aakulu, chiwerengero cha atumiki a m'tawuni chawonjezeka pafupifupi atatu khola.

An kutsogolera zina ndondomeko socialization wa minda anapatsidwa chigamulo a Komiti chapakati cha CPSU (b) pa January 5, 1930. Iwo n'chakuti yeniyeni nthawi chimango imene collectivization anali kutha m'madera chachikulu olimapo a dziko. Mwachibwana n'kukulemberani komaliza kusamutsa nawo mawonekedwe gulu la kasamalidwe ndi kugwa kwa 1932.

Ngakhale chigamulo categorical, mu izo, monga kale, sanapereke mafotokozedwe mwachindunji njira amakhudza minda losonkhanitsidwa anthu wamba wamba ndipo ngakhale anapereka tanthauzo lenileni la zimene pamapeto anali kukhala yolima. Chifukwa, mutu m'dera la motsogozedwa ndi lingaliro lake za izi, asanamuwonepo kale mawonekedwe a gulu la ntchito ndi moyo.

Mwankhanza kwa aboma

Izi zilili kwachititsa milandu yambiri ya mwankhanza m'deralo. Chitsanzo china Siberia kumene Akuluakulu a m'malo minda gulu anayamba kulenga ena communes ndi socialization osati ng'ombe, zipangizo ndi olimapo, koma ambiri chuma lonse, kuphatikizapo katundu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, atsogoleri, kupikisana ndi mzake kukwaniritsa wapamwamba peresenti collectivization, sanazengereze ntchito miyeso nkhanza kuonetsa anthu amene anayesa kuzemba nawo ndondomeko kuyambika. Unachititsa kuphulika latsopano wosakhutira m'madera ambiri amatenga mawonekedwe a kupanduka lotseguka.

Njala yomwe wakhala zotsatira za malamulo atsopano agrarian

Komabe, aliyense chigawo munthu walandira dongosolo lenileni la chopereka cha ulimi anafuna msika zoweta ndi katundu, kukwaniritsidwa kwa amene Akuluakulu a anali panokha udindo. Aliyense yobereka lalifupi chinaoneka ngati kusonyezedwa zonyoza zimayenda ndi akhoza kukhala ndi mavuto aakulu.

Pachifukwa ichi zinthu zachitika zimene atsogoleri a zigawo, kuopa udindo, alimi anakakamizika pereka kwa boma zonse zilipo monga tirigu, kuphatikizapo thumba mbewu. Anachitazi unkachitika mu nyama husbandry, pamene mawu anatumizidwa kuti aphe kuswana onse ng'ombe. Kodi kuwonjezera zovuta ndi kulephera kwambiri atsogoleri gulu, ambiri a iwo anadza ku mudzi paulendo chipanichi ndipo ndinalibe lingaliro la ulimi.

Chifukwa, ikuchitika m'njira ya collectivization wathunthu wa zaulimi kwachititsa disruptions mu chakudya cha mizinda ndi midzi - njala yaikulu ambiri. Makamaka yowononga idali nyengo yozizira 1932 ndi kasupe 1933. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale miscalculations kasamalidwe zoonekeratu, akuluakulu akuwachititsa zimene zikuchitika adani ena akuyesa kutsekereza chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko.

Kucotsa mbali yabwino wamba ndi

A mbali yofunika kwambiri kulephera kwenikweni za ndondomekoyi anathamangitsa ankaimba Kupha otchedwa kalasi ya kulaks - alimi olemera amene anatha kulenga nthawi amphamvu a zachuma NEP ndi kutulutsa mbali yaikulu ya zokolola za ulimi. Mwachibadwa, chifukwa iwo sanali zomveka kuti agwirizane ndi gulu ndi zaufulu anakana yotengedwa ndi chuma chawo ntchito.

Popeza chitsanzo ichi si woyenera mu lingaliro wonse wa resettlement wa moyo wakumudzi, ndipo iwo ali, mu maganizo a utsogoleri gulu la dziko, tiyeni kuchita wamba gulu osauka ndi pakati, anayamba Kupha kwawo.

Pomwepo anadza malangizo lolingana tsiku limene minda kulak anali lithe, malo onse wadutsa mu umwini wa minda gulu, ndipo kuthamangitsidwa mu Far North ndi Far East. Choncho, collectivization wathunthu mu zigawo tirigu kukula wa USSR zinachitika mu chikhalidwe cha mantha okwana ndi oimira bwino kwambiri wamba ndi munamutcha waukulu ntchito angathe dziko.

Kenako, chiwerengero cha Zimene kuthetsa zinthu zilili, kuloledwa mbali matenda zinthu m'midzi ndi chimaonekadi kuonjezera ulimi. Zimenezi zinathandiza Stalin kwa Plenum wa Party unachitika mu January 1933, kulengeza chigonjetso wathunthu ubale zokomera mu gawo la gulu. Akukhulupirira kuti pa collectivization izi olimba a ulimi inatha.

Kodi ataloŵa collectivization?

Akusonyeza umboni manambalawo zowerengera anamasulidwa mu zaka za perestroika. Iwo anagunda ngakhale ndi zimene akhoza chosakwanira. Awa, zikuonekeratu kuti collectivization wathunthu wa zaulimi inatha zotsatirazi zotsatira: pakuti nthawi yake inathamangitsidwa alimi oposa 2 miliyoni, ndi pachimake pa nkhani imeneyi ndondomeko 1930-1931. pamene pansi amakakamizidwa kusamutsidwa pafupifupi 1 miliyoni 800 zikwi m'mudzimo.. Iwo sanali zibakera lake, koma chifukwa cha zifukwa zina sankasangalalanso dziko lakwawo. Komanso, anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi njala anthu mamiliyoni 6 m'midzi.

Monga tanena malamulo a amakakamizidwa collectivization wa minda kwachititsa zionetsero misa mwa m'mudzimo. Malinga deta zisungidwe miyala ya GPU, koma mu March 1930 panali 6500 zipolowe, ndi 800 kupondereza mphamvu ya zida ntchito.

Ambiri, amadziwika kuti m'chaka cha mu dziko chinalembedwa zoposa 14 sauzande. Folk zisudzo, amene anapezeka ndi za miliyoni 2 alimi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, timamva nthawi zambiri maganizo awo mawaya motere collectivization akhoza ukugwira kuti chiwembuchi mtundu wawo.