Zilumikizidwe za nickel: katundu, GOST. Kupanga alloys zamkuwa. Kukonza ndalama zasiliva zamkuwa

Mkuwa ndi wa gulu losanjikiza. Muwonekedwe lake loyera liri ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi magetsi opangira mavitamini, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mmagetsi a magetsi. Mkuwa ndi chinthu chodutsa kwambiri chomwe chingatheke mosavuta ndi chipsyinjo ku chimfine ndi kutentha.

Kupititsa patsogolo makina, mapangidwe ndi ntchito zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mkuwa, mankhwala ake ndi zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha kusakanikirana, mapangidwe a crystal lattices amasintha, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimayambira pakati pa ion ndi ma atomu. Izi ndi zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ya alloy poyerekeza ndi chitsulo choyera.

Chifukwa chiyani mkuwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nickel

Pakati pa fusion, nickel imagwira ntchito yaikulu . Ali ndi kukana kutentha, choncho, amagwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika. Pogwiritsa ntchito mkuwa, njira zowonjezera zimapangidwira. Ndalama yamakina ya Copper imapeza malo angapo atsopano:

• Kuwonjezera kuteteza kwa kutentha kwa zinthu;
• Kutentha kwa magetsi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri;
• Pali kuteteza kwakukulu kwa kutupa, makamaka m'madzi a m'nyanja.

Kulemba

Zida za alloy-nickel alloy zimadalira peresenti ya nickel ndi zinthu zina mmenemo. Pakalipano, zipangizo zamakono zatsopano zakhala zikupangidwa. Malinga ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito, amagawanika kukhala makina ndi electrotechnical.

• Zomangamanga - zikhale ndi zizindikiro zotsutsana ndi kutupa ndi mphamvu. Zida zomwe zimachokera kwa iwo zimagonjetsedwa ndi malo ovuta. Izi ndi ndalama zasiliva, siliva ndi siliva. Malo osiyana pa mndandandandawu ndi Monel, omwe maonekedwe ndi chiwerengero cha zinthuzo ndi zosiyana kwambiri.
• Electrotechnical - amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi kuteteza ndi thermoelectric katundu, iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mphamvu zamagetsi ndi magetsi engineering. Ichi ndi constantan, manganin ndi copules.

Kudziwa za mankhwala opangidwa ndi maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe kumathandiza kuti mudziwe zamagetsi zamkuwa zamtundu umodzi m'magulu.

Melchior

Lili ndi 80% zamkuwa, pafupifupi 20% ya nickel, komanso manganese pang'ono ndi chitsulo. Alloy yotereyi idadziwika kwa anthu omwe adabwerera m'zaka za m'ma III BC. E. Pansi pa dzina lakuti "mkuwa wonyezimira" chifukwa cha mtundu wa sillar wowala, kukumbukira siliva. Amakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa katundu, komanso mphamvu yayikulu yotsalira komanso kuvala kukana, ndizitsulo zamkuwa. Malo otungunuka ndi pafupifupi 1170 ° C. Mapulasitiki abwino amakulolani kuti mugwiritse ntchito mankhwalawo ndi mavuto. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina, zimapanga zipangizo zamankhwala, zodzikongoletsera, zodula, ndalama.

Neusilber

Ndalama yamakina a mkuwa wamphongo ndi kuwonjezera kwa zinki, zomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira, wobiriwira. Malinga ndi mtunduwo, umatha kukhala ndi nambala ya 35% ndipo mpaka 45% zinc, ena onse - mkuwa. Zinc zokhudzana ndi nthaka zimachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wake. Neusilber ili ndi zinthu zofanana zomwe zimakhala ngati siliva ya nickel. Ndikokusakanikirana, kotalika, pulasitiki mokwanira kwa mankhwala otentha ndi ozizira ndi mphamvu.

Nthawi zina ndizophatikizidwa ndi kutsogolera kupangira bwino. Zambiri mwa izo zimapangidwa ndi zida zoimbira, mawonda, zipangizo zamankhwala. Ndizodabwitsa kuti chifukwa cha mtengo wotsika tsopano womwe umachokera kwa iye womwe nthawi zambiri kuposa miyala yodzikongoletsera yopangidwa kuchokera ku siliva, iwo amapanga zodzikongoletsera, medali ndi medali. Neusilber imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga enamel.

Zovuta

Zimapangidwa ndi mkuwa, nambala - mpaka 20%, aluminiyumu yazing'ono. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwa 1183 ° C kenaka amachotsedwa ndi ukalamba, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu kwambiri komanso kutentha kwapansi. Amagawidwa m'magulu A (MNA13-3) ndi B (MNA 6-1,5).
Mark A ali ndi makhalidwe awiri ofunikira - mphamvu zazikulu komanso zotsutsana kwambiri ndi kutupa kwa malo owononga. Mwachitsanzo, m'madzi a m'nyanja, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. Choncho, alloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zapadera.

Mark B ali ndi katundu wokhala ndi katundu, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zotupa zomwe zili ndi cholinga. Komanso, zimagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi kinks mu chisanu. Amapanga ziwalo zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamatentha otentha.

Monel

Lili ndi magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a chitoliro ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mkuwa. Mfundo yosungunuka ndi 1350 ° C. Malo apamwamba a alloy-nickel alloy ndi kukana kuphulika. Lili ndi zipangizo zamakono - mphamvu ndi pulasitiki yonyozeka. Dzina la Monel НМЖМц lili ndi pafupifupi 28% zamkuwa, chitsulo cha 3%, magnesiamu 3%, cobalt ndi nickel.

Monel-400 ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana. Ndilo chizindikiro cha Special Metals Corporation ndipo chinakhazikitsidwa mwa 1906. Choncho, makampani ena opanga sangagwiritse ntchito dzina ili. Kotero panali alloy wina - Nicorros. Komabe, zipangizozi zimakhala chimodzimodzi muzochitika zonse zamagetsi ndi zamakono. Popeza kuti alloy ali ndi theka la nickel peresenti, mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, pali teknoloji yopanga alloy-nickel alloy pogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo kuchokera ku zamoyo za sulphide ores ndi zomwe zili zonsezi, popanda kupatukana koyamba muzipangidwe zosiyana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo wa mankhwala omalizira.

Monel imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zowonongeka, zochitika za kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi. Makampani ogulitsa sitima, mankhwala ndi mafuta, kupanga zipangizo zachipatala, mbali za makina ndi zipangizo.

Constantan

Ali ndi mtundu woyera ndi kutuluka kwa chikasu. Kapangidwe kameneko ndi: mkuwa -59%; Nickel - 39-41%; Manganese - 1-2%. Mfundo yosungunula 1260 ° C. Alloy-nickel alloy ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha nyumba yaikulu - kutentha kwazitsulo. Zili ndi magetsi abwino kwambiri othandizira magetsi ndi mtengo wochepa wa coefficient wowonjezera kutentha. Alloy amapita kupanga waya kwa thermocouples, popanga zipangizo zoyeza, komanso magetsi opangira magetsi omwe amagwira kutentha mpaka madigiri 400-500.

Dothi lopangidwa ndi constantan limapatsidwa chithandizo chapadera cha kutentha, chifukwa chakuti chitsulo pamwamba pake chimapanga filimu yochepa. Chifukwa cha ichi, mankhwalawa sasowa zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena zokutira. Constantan ndi pulasitiki kwambiri. Malowa amachititsa kuti mugwiritse ntchito pamene mukuwotcha zitsulo zamkuwa.

Chosavuta cha constantan ndi EMF yake yokwanira - pafupifupi 43 μV. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito waya ndi tepi kuchokera ku zipangizo zoyesera kwambiri.

Manganin

Ili ndi pafupifupi 5% ya nickel, 12% ya manganese ndi mkuwa. Malo osungunuka ndi 960 ° C. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti manganin anapangidwa ndi American Edward Venston cha m'ma 1888 chifukwa cha zinthu zonse zomwe zinapangidwa kuti zikhale zogwiritsa ntchito popanga magetsi. Ali ndi magetsi akuluakulu, komanso EMF yochepa kwambiri pamodzi ndi mkuwa (zosapitirira 1 μV), zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi constantan.

Pofuna kuchepetsa kutentha kwapakati pa kukana, waya wa manganese umatenthetsa kutentha kwa madigiri pafupifupi 600 pansi pake, kenako utakhazikika pang'onopang'ono. Njirayi imakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere kutentha kumene zinthuzo zimakhala ndi magetsi, mpaka 200 ° C. Waya wathyoka kale mu coil wochulukitsanso mobwerezabwereza mpaka 150 ° C. Izi zimakwaniritsa zotsatira za kukalamba, pambuyo pake kusintha kwa chithunzi cha chitsulo kumachepetsedwa.

Malo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito manganin ngati chinthu chokhala ndi magetsi osakanikirana ndi magetsi amatha kupanga zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zamakono kuti aziyeza zamagetsi (panopo, magetsi, mphamvu).

Kopel

Nthambi ina yapadera. Ili ndi mkuwa, 43% ya nickel, chitsulo ndi manganese. Mfundo yosungunula 1290 ° C. Chifukwa cha chiŵerengero chokwanira cha stis low lowisistivity ndi chapamwamba TEMP, chopangidwa ndi zitsulo zosiyanasiyana, alloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga waya wa thermocouples ndi electrode. Mndandanda wa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino likuwonjezeka molingana ndi kutentha kwa ntchito:

• Pa madigiri 100 Celsius - 6.95V;
• Pa 600 mpaka 49V.

Zopopera zimatha kutentha kwambiri - popanda kuphwanya zinthu zomwe zimatha kuyima kutentha mpaka madigiri 600 ndipo zimagonjetsedwa ndi kutupa.
Kopel imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu thermocouples za zipangizo zamagetsi chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi kutentha kwayeso. Amagwiritsa ntchito thermocouples ndi otalikitsa TEPS - ndi chromium, mkuwa kapena chitsulo. Zinthu izi ndi zabwino electrodes, ndi kopel-hasi. Kopel-chromel ya thermocouple imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa pyrometry kuti nthawi zonse aziwunika kayendedwe ka kutentha kuchokera pa 200 mpaka 600 madigiri mu mafakitale ndi mafakitala.

Kusungunuka

Popanga zitsulo zamkuwa zamkuwa, pali njira zamakono zofanana. Ma Melchior, nsabwe zamadzi, zowonongeka, zowonongeka, manganini zimasungunuka koyamba mu zitsulo zozizira m'munsi mwa makala a calcined. Kuwonjezera pa chiwonongeko cha zinyalala kumaloledwa mpaka 80%.

Kusungunuka kumayamba ndi mkuwa ndi nickel. Pamene zimasungunuka, zowonongeka zimawonjezereka muzinyumba, kenaka ndizochepa. Malo otsiriza amadzazidwa ndi zinki. Pambuyo pomaliza kusungunula, manganese ndi silicon (nambala ya siliva) ndizochotsedwa, kapena silicon ndi manganese (constantan ndi cupronickel). Pambuyo pake, slag yonse imachotsedwera pamwamba pa kusungunuka ndipo makala amachulukanso. Kutenthetsa masentimita 1300 ° C, yonjezerani manganese chloride kukonza, ngati kuli kotheka.

Sayansi ya kuphika kunialy imasiyana pang'ono, popeza ili ndi aluminiyumu. Asanayambe aluminium, 0.1% ya manganese kwa deoxidation kwenikweni anawonjezera kuti kusungunuka. Ndipo pambuyo Kutha aluminiyamu, pamwamba pa kusungunuka ndi owazidwa ndi kutuluka. Ngati izi sizinayende, mafilimu amapangidwa kuchokera pamene kusungunula kumakhala kosayenera kutsanulira.

Zachilengedwe, zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri yazitsulo zamkuwa. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, GOST 5220-78, GOST 17217-79, GOST 10155-75 ndizofunika kwambiri kuti apange.

Ndalama za ndalama

Pafupifupi kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka zana zisanachitike, ndalama zasiliva zamkuwa zapangidwa paliponse. Zolemba zake zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi mints. Koma kwenikweni inali ndi nickel 30%, chitsulo chaching'ono chachitsulo ndi mkuwa monga maziko. Popeza chitsulo cha ndalama zasiliva chiyenera kukhala ductile, chosasungunuka, chosagonjetsa komanso chotchipa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndalamazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Pambuyo pake, wotchuka kwambiri popanga ndalama ankagwiritsira ntchito makina.

Ndalama zamakono za ku Russia zimapangidwa ndi alliys osiyanasiyana. Makamaka, ndalama zasiliva, zomwe zatulutsidwa chisanafike chaka cha 2009, zimapangidwa ndi ndalama zasiliva. Ndalama zachitsulo zokhala ndi nkhope ya masentimita imodzi ndi zisanu ndi zamkuwa zisanu-ndalama za ruble zimapangidwa ndi ndalama zochepa zasiliva zasiliva. Zinthu zoterezi zimatchedwa "bimetal". Choncho mtengo wopanga ndalama zitsulo umachepa kwambiri.

Mafuta a mkuwa ndi nickel amachokera ku mpweya pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, zizindikiro zake zimapezeka kokha kumalipiro akale, kapena omwe akhala akukhala m'malo ovuta. Akatswiri amadziwa kuti asayansi ndi osuta amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera ndalama zamtengo wapatali.
Kuyeretsa ndi sopo yankho kumachotsa zitsulo zokhazokha zamkuwa zamkuwa. Mafuta a azitona, asidi acid, Goya phala amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ndalamazi sizitha kuchotsa chipikacho, koma zimagwiranso ntchito ndi alloy omwe, kuwononga ndalamazo. Chothandiza kwambiri, chofatsa komanso chofulumira ndicho kuyeretsa ndalama zachitsulo zamkuwa ndi electrolysis.