Kukonza chuma 1985-1991:. magawo ndi zotsatira

Pofika m'ma 80 ntchentche mu moyo umoyo ndi zachuma ndi ndale mayiko a Soviet anali anati mavuto. Kunapezeka chiyembekezo backwardness a mtundu zokomera ku maiko otukuka a dziko. Pofuna kupewa kugwa komaliza ndi kusintha zinthu m'dzikoli, boma la USSR kukonzanso chuma mu 1985-1991 kunachitika.

Prerequisites kwa kusintha

Mu zaka 80 chuma Union a Soviet anali pa anangotsala pang'ono kutha. Kudutsa dziko, panali slowdown mu chitukuko, ndi kumabungwe ena chuma panali kuchepa amphamvu madzi a ulimi. The inefficiency njira zokomera zachuma limaonetseratu zimachitika mu luso lopanga, zitsulo, zokhomakhoma ndi mafakitale ena. Ngakhale mu 1985 USSR kutulutsa pafupifupi 150 zikwi matani zitsulo, amene anali oposa mu United States, dziko la zitsulo akadali sikokwanira. Chifukwa cha ichi anali opanda ungwiro limatsogolera ake luso limene mbali yaikulu ya feedstock ndi n'kukhala tchipisi. Zinthu kulimbikitsa ena amasokoneza, chifukwa chimene tani zitsulo rusting pansi pa thambo lotseguka.

Kusintha kwa chuma cha USSR mu 1985-1991. Kunali kofunika osati chifukwa cha mavuto m'munda wa makampani lolemera. Kumayambiriro 80 ntchentche mu Soviet Union ikuchitika aziona makina ndi zipangizo makina kupanga zoweta. Wa zinthu zonse scanned, ndipo kunapezeka kuti pafupifupi 20 zikwi, gawo lachitatu anatsimikizidwa mwaukadaulo lotha ndi unusable. zida zabwino kuti achoka kupanga, koma anapitiriza kupereka.

Ngakhale kuti Soviet Union anasamala mwapadera chitukuko cha mafakitale chitetezo, zinali kwambiri uncompetitive mu msika lonse. Pamene Mphambano wa 70-80-ntchentche mu dziko lonse kumadzulo microprocessor zisinthe mu USSR, ndalama zambiri anapita yokonza mpikisano wa manja. Chifukwa cha ichi, zilibe kuonetsetsa ndalama zokwanila kuti chitukuko cha sayansi. anthu Soviet wakhala ndi kusunga ndi kumadzulo mawu a zaumisiri ndi mafakitale.

Ndale ndiponso zachuma kusintha kwa 1985-1991 komanso kukhwima ndi chifukwa kugwa mfundo weniweni wamoyo. Poyerekeza ndi mapeto a 60s kuti 1980, ndalama banja zidagwa pafupifupi 3 nthawi. nzika Soviet kunadetsa ndi kumva mawu "kuchepekedwa." muzochitika zones za moyo chidwi ndi bureaucracy ndi ziphuphu. Dontho zinachitika makhalidwe ndi anthu wamba.

Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Gorbachev

M'chaka cha 1985, mlembi wamkulu wa CPSU ya anali Mikhail Gorbachev. Pozindikira kuti chuma dziko lili pafupi kugwa, analengeza mfundo kusintha kwake. Pa TV adawomba zatsopano anthu Union, mawu akuti "kukonzanso" tanthauzo la zomwe ndi kugonjetsa stagnation njira, chilengedwe cha kothandiza ndiponso odalirika ulamuliro limagwirira umalimbana zinasintha mofulumira chitukuko cha muzochitika ndi zachuma a moyo.

Magawo a kukonzanso chuma cha 1985-1991

Kukonzanso chuma Soviet akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo angapo.

1. Mu zaka 1985-1986 boma Soviet lotsogoleredwa ndi Gorbachev anayesetsa dongosolo zokomera ndi kufulumiza mayendedwe a chitukuko cha sayansi ndi luso zisinthe (p), kukonzanso makampani zomangamanga ndi intensification a anthu ogwira ntchito.
2. Mu 1987, kusintha zachuma wayamba. timutsanzire kukhalabe kasamalidwe centralized cha kusintha kwa utsogoleri ndi njira zachuma.
3. Mu 1989-1990, iye ananena mfundo ya kusintha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera chuma zokomera kuti msika. odana ndi mavuto pulogalamu "masiku 500" anayamba kupanga.
4. Mu 1991 iye anachita kusintha ndalama. Ayambe zachuma anali pansi kusokonezeka chifukwa malinga kanthu boma.

mathamangitsidwe Policy

Kusintha kwa chuma 1985-1991 anayamba ndi kulengeza lamulo mofulumira chitukuko cha dziko. Mu kugwa kwa 1985, Gorbachev amatchedwa atsogoleri malonda bungwe Mipikisano kosangalatsa opareshoni, muyika mumachitidwe mpikisano zokomera ndi zaluso, kuwayang'anira kugwilizana ndi chilango ntchito kupanga bwino mankhwala khalidwe. Zimenezi, malinga Moscow, akhala ndithu anasonyeza kuwonjezeka zokolola ndipo mofulumira ndi umoyo ndi zachuma dera la moyo la Union lonse Soviet. udindo patsogolo anatumizidwa ku makampani zomangamanga, kupanga amene azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kukulitsa ya chuma cha dziko.

Billed Gorbachev lamulo mofulumira kutanthauza kuwonjezeka kwambiri mlingo kukula kwa zachuma. Isanafike 2000, utsogoleri Soviet kuti azikamugwirira pawiri mphamvu yopanga ndi ndalama mtundu wa boma, kulera nthawi 2.5 zokolola.

Pamene Gorbachev anayamba wotsimikizika amakhala ndi uchidakwa. Malinga ndi wandale ndi anamuperekeza wake, kampeni odana ndi mowa kunathandiza zabwino kulimbitsa chilango patsogolo zokolola. M'madera ambiri a duwa mbewu kwa kupanga vinyo ndi mowa wamphamvu zinthu mwankhanza kudula mpesa. Chifukwa cha mfundo imeneyi yopanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa mu USSR utachepa mu nthawi 2. Chifukwa kuwonongedwa kwa vinyo ndi mizimu makampani dziko anavutika multimillion-dollar zomvetsa. Chosowa ndalama mu bajeti boma kwachititsa kuti akuchedwa malipilo. Kuti apange vuto boma anaganiza makina ndalama zatsopano.

Kusintha kwa chuma 1985-1991 mu USSR anaonekera kuti liletse nzika Soviet kupindula ndalama unearned. M'ntchito zake pa ntchito payekha, malonda wosaloleka ndi zinthu zina ankakwiya boma munthu akhoza kupita ku ndende kwa zaka 5. Koma pasanapite nthawi zinadziwika kuti kuchita zimenezi sizithandiza, ndipo mu November 1986, panali lamulo kulola Soviet Union kudzikonda ntchito.

Mofulumira chitukuko cha luso lopanga kwachititsa kuchepetsa ndalama kwa ena a makampani. Chifukwa cha ichi, kuchokera zogulitsa ufulu anayamba kutha ndi katundu ogula. HTP, umene uli m'kati kukonzanso kulipira udindo wapadera, ndipo sanalandire chitukuko. Crisis zina wofooka boma. Pakutha 1986 zinali zoonekeratu kuti kusintha Mkhalidwe wa chuma n'zosatheka kuchita chifukwa cha ungwiro boma dongosolo mapulani.

Economic wasinthika 1987-1989

Mu 1987 Nduna anatenga Nikolai Ryzhkov, kulonjezedwa ziziyenda chuma ndi zaka theka. boma lake linayamba angapo kusintha umalimbana kupanga msika zokomera. Kuyambira tsopano, kampani umasamutsidwa ku kudzikonda ndalama, anapatsidwa tsankho wodzilamulira kukuza kuchuluka kwa kudziyimira pawokha awo. Mabungwe anapatsidwa ufulu Co-ntchito ndi mabungwe ndi magulu ochokera m'mayiko ena, ndipo atsogoleri awo anali kosamugonjera msika kenanso, kapena akuluakulu. Iwo anayamba kuoneka cooperatives woyamba zokhudzana ndi nyumba mthunzi. Chifukwa cha mfundo zimenezi kwa Soviet Union kunapezeka kuti akumane: boma unatha kulamulira chuma cha boma. The kusintha kumsika wa zokomera anakhala zosatheka. Kusintha kwa chuma 1985-1991 sanapereke zotsatira kuyembekezera.

zoyesayesa Komanso kutsitsimutsa chuma

Kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli kupitiriza. Mu 1989, Soviet chuma Yavlinsky ndi S. SHatalin anayamba pulogalamu "masiku 500". Kwenikweni ake anali kusamukira ku manja payekha amakampani boma ndi kusintha dziko kwa chuma msika. Pankhaniyi, chikalata si kulabadira nkhani monga kusintha kwa dongosolo la ndale la boma, anthu wamba a malo, ndi denationalization umwini dziko, kusintha ndalama. Chuma analonjeza kuti iyeyo mfundo moyo sikungawononge zinthu chuma cha anthu. Ovomerezedwa ndi Supreme Soviet la pulogalamu USSR anabwera mu mphamvu October 1990, koma iye anali mmodzi drawback: si anasonyeza zofuna nomenklatura. Chifukwa cha ichi, Gorbachev, wina pulogalamu asankhidwa kale pa mphindi yotsiriza, amene sanathe kukhala kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma.

Ndalama kusintha ndi kugwa kwa chuma Soviet

Imodzi mwa zoyesayesa atsopano ziziyenda mmene chuma chikuyendera unachitikira mu 1991 kusintha ndalama. Gorbachev anakonzera ndi thandizo ake kubwezeretsanso chuma komanso kuti asiye ruble depreciation. Koma kusintha zachititsa kuti kuwuka kusalankhula mitengo ndi kuchepetsa miyezo ya moyo wa anthu. The kusakhutira wa anthu wafika malire. M'madera ambiri a boma chinapululutsa amenye. Paliponse chinayamba separatism dziko.

zotsatira

The zotsatira za kusintha chuma 1985-1991 anali oipa. M'malo kubwezeretsa chuma cha dziko zochita boma kwambiri kukula zinthu mu dziko. Palibe kusintha anakonza kuti siinamalizidwe. Kuwononga kapangidwe kasamalidwe akale, akuluakulu sangakhoze kulenga atsopano. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, kugwa kwa dziko yaikulu anakhala mosalephera.