Dziko la Paris, zinthu zake ndi zotsatira zake

Mbiriyi ndi yakale, ili ndi zaka zoposa zana limodzi ndi theka, koma mayina ndi maiko, zomwe sizitetezeka pakuwonetseratu chiwembu chake, chifukwa cha mayanjano ena ali nawo. Crimea, Turkey, Russia, France, Britain - izi ndizochitika zochitika zodabwitsa zomwe zinachitika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Nkhondo zonse zimatha mwamtendere, ngakhale motalika kwambiri komanso wamagazi. Funso lina ndiloti mawu ake ndi opindulitsa ku dziko limodzi ndikuchititsa manyazi ena. Dziko la Paris linayambitsidwa ndi nkhondo ya Crimea, yomwe idagonjetsedwa ndi Russia ndi mabungwe onse a ku France, Britain ndi Turkey.

Nkhondo yoyamba kunkhondo

Pakatikati pa zaka zapitazi, Ulaya adali ndi vuto lalikulu. Kusuntha kwa dziko ku Austria ndi ku Prussia kungayambitse kusokonezeka kwa mayikowa, kayendetsedwe ka malire ndi kugwa kwa ulamuliro wa dynasties. Pofuna kuthandiza mfumu ya ku Austria, Russian Tsar Nicholas I anatumiza gulu lankhondo lomwe linakhazikitsa mkhalidwewo. Zinkawoneka kuti kwa nthawi yaitali dziko lapansi lidzabwera, koma linasintha.

Kusintha kwasintha kunayambira ku Wallachia ndi Moldavia. Asirikali achi Russia ndi Turkey atalowa m'madera amenewa, panabuka nkhani zambiri zokhudzana ndi malire a anthu oteteza chitetezo, ufulu wa zipembedzo ndi Malo Opatulikitsa, omwe pamapeto pake amatanthauza kukangana kwa mphamvu za mphamvu pafupi ndi nyanja ya Black Sea. Kuwonjezera pa mayiko akuluakulu okhudzidwa, mayiko ena omwe sanafune kutaya phindu lawo - France, Britain ndi Prussia (mwamsanga anaiwala za kuyamikira chifukwa cha chipulumutso chozizwitsa cha mfumu yawo) adalowamo. Chigawo cha Russia, chotsogoleredwa ndi Prince. Menshikov sanasonyeze dera loyenera la diplomatikiti, adayimitsa zofuna zawo, ndipo, pokhala alibe zotsatirapo, achoka ku Constantinople. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June, kunali kuukiridwa kwa maboma makumi anayi mphambu makumi anayi a ku Russia kupita ku madera a Danube. M'nyundo ya autumn, magalimoto a ku France ndi Britain ananyamula zombo zawo kudutsa ku Dardanelles, kuwapatsa chitetezo cha nkhondo ku Turkey. Pa November 30, gulu lankhondo lolamulidwa ndi Ushakov linagonjetsa nkhondo ya nkhondo ya ku Turkey ku Sinope, ndipo asilikali a kumadzulo analowerera mwachindunji mu nkhondoyi, zomwe zinadabwitsa Nicholas I. Posiyana ndi zolinga, asilikali a Turkey anali okonzeka bwino. Mu 1854 nkhondo ya Crimea inayamba.

Nkhondo

Kupititsa nkhondo ndi dziko la Russia kumayiko a Kumadzulo kunkaoneka ngati koopsa (panalibe msonkhano wa Napoleonic watsopano), ndipo cholinga chenichenicho chinali kukantha malo otetezeka kwambiri - ku Crimea, pogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wa nkhondo zankhondo. Zigawo zoyenda bwino zogwiritsa ntchito kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kay Malo otsetsereka anali Yevpatoria, kenako panali nkhondo yaikulu ku mtsinje wa Alma. Adafika kuti asilikali a ku Russia sanakonzekere bwino nkhondo, ponena za zida, komanso mwa maphunziro. Anayenera kubwerera ku Sevastopol, amene kuzungulira kwawo kunatha chaka. Pazifukwa za kusowa kwa zida, chakudya ndi zinthu zina, lamulo la Russia linapambana kukhazikitsa chitetezo cha mzindawo, mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri yomanga zomangira (poyamba panalibe patali). Pakalipano, mphamvu za mabungwe a kumadzulo akudwala ndi matenda ndi zida zolimba za otsutsa Sevastopol. Monga momwe zidakambidwa ndi otsogolera, chizindikiro cha mtendere wa Paris chinachitika ndi admiral Nakhimov, yemwe adafa modzidzimutsa poziteteza mzindawo.

Makhalidwe a Mtendere

Pamapeto pake, Russia inagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali ku nkhondo ya Crimea . Mu 1855, potsutsana ndi Sevastopol, Emperor Nicholas I anamwalira, ndipo mpando wachifumuwu unalandidwa ndi Alexander II. Mtsogoleri watsopanoyo anazindikira kuti nkhondoyi, ngakhale kuti idzayendera bwino mu Asia masewera, ndi yosayenera ku Russia. Imfa ya Kornilov ndi Nakhimov idadula mutuwo, lamulo lopitirirabe la mzinda linakhala lovuta. Mu 1856 Sevastopol anali atakhala ndi magulu ankhondo a kumadzulo. Atsogoleri a ku Britain, France ndi Turkey adalemba mgwirizano wokhala ndi mfundo zinayi, zomwe Alexander Alexander adazivomereza. Panganoli, lodziwika kuti "Paris Peace", linalembedwa pa March 30, 1856. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mayiko ogonjetsa atatopa ndi nkhondo yayikulu, yamtengo wapatali komanso yamagazi, adasamalira zokhazokha ku Russia. Izi zinkatsogoleredwa ndi magulu athu ankhondo ku malo owonetsera ku Asia, makamaka kupambana bwino pa linga la Kare. Mkhalidwe wa mtendere wa Paris unakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mgwirizano ndi Turkey, womwe unayesetsa kupeza ufulu wa chikhristu pamtunda wake, kusaloŵerera m'nkhondo ya madzi a Black Sea, kubwerera kwawo kumalo okwana mazana awiri ndi madera mazana awiri.

Nyanja Yamtendere Yamtendere

Poyang'ana koyambirira, chofunikira chokhachotsa chiwonongeko cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Black Sea kuti athetse mikangano yambiri pakati pa maiko awiri omwe adathandizira kulimbitsa malo a Turkey m'deralo, monga momwe Ufumu wa Ottoman unali ndi ufulu woyendetsa nyanja za Mediterranean ndi Marmara. Dziko la Paris linaphatikizansopo mgwirizano (msonkhano) wokhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe zida za nkhondo zakunja sizikanatha kudutsa mu nthawi yamtendere.

Mapeto a mawu a dziko la Paris

Kugonjetsedwa kulikonse kwa nkhondo kumapangitsa kuchepetsa mphamvu za chipani chogonjetsedwa. Dziko la Paris kwa nthawi yaitali linasintha mphamvu ya mphamvu ku Ulaya, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa pambuyo polemba zigawo za Vienna (1815), osati ku Russia. Nkhondo yonseyi inavumbula zofooka zambiri ndi zolakwika pakukonzekera kwa zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga, zomwe zinayambitsa utsogoleri wa Russia kukhala ndi kusintha kochuluka. Pambuyo pake, nthawiyi ikugonjetsa, nkhondo ya Russian-Turkey (1877-1878), malamulo onse a ulamuliro ndi magawo omwe adawonongeka adayikidwa. Potsirizira pake dziko la Paris linatha. Chaka cha 1878 chinali chikalata chokhazikitsa pangano la Berlin, limene linabwezeretsa ulamuliro wa Russia pa Black Sea.