Nkhondo ya Gross-Jägersdorf. Mbiri ya kupambana kwakukulu kwa ankhondo a Russia

M'mbiri yathu yamasewera muli "malo osabisa". Nkhondo zina zimadziwika ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale okhaokha. Ndipo izi zilibe kanthu kuti ambiri mwa iwo adagwira nawo ntchito yaikulu osati pa chitukuko cha dziko lathu, komanso m'mbiri ya mayiko ena. Iyi ndi nkhondo ya Gross-Jägersdorf. Icho chinakhudza kwambiri zotsatira za Nkhondo Yaka Zaka Zisanu ndi ziwiri, koma samakumbukira chochitika ichi nthawi zambiri.

Mbiri Yachidule Yotchulidwa

Gross-Jägersdorf (Gross-Jägersdorf) ndi malo a nkhondo yomwe inachitika pa August 19 (30), 1757. Anali ku Russia ndi Prussia. Kumbali ina kunali asilikali okwana 28,000 a ku Prussia, omwe analamulidwa ndi Field Marshal Levald. Pachilumbachi - asilikali okwana 55,000 a ku Russia, omwe analamulidwa ndi gulu linalake, SF Apraksin.

Nkhondoyi ikudziwika kuti yakhala ubatizo wa asilikali a Russia mu nkhondo ya zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Zodabwitsa, mbiriyakale ya kupambana kwakukulu kwa gulu lankhondo la Russia linapitiriza apa. Palibe china chirichonse kupatula mitembo ya anyamata ndi abodza omwe amatsatira mwadzidzidzi, asilikari athu sanagwe. Kotero, kodi zaka za m'ma 1900 zinayamba kuti mbiri ya Russia?

Prehistory

M'zaka zimenezo, Ulaya anali ataiŵala kale za makhalidwe a nkhondo a asilikali a ku Russia. Inde, ngakhale nkhondo isanayambe "dziko" la Polish ndi Austria lidachitika, koma nthawi zonse magulu ankhondo omwe anatumizidwa ndi Russia kuti athandize mabwenzi awo ndi "opanda ntchito." Kotero, Peter Lassi mu 1735 ali ndi nthawi yopita ku gombe la Rhine kwambiri, ndipo likulu la Prince Repnin (zaka 13 pambuyo pake) limalandira zambiri za kutha kwa ziwawa panthawi yozungulira dziko la Czech Republic ndi Moravia. Mwachidule, nkhondo zikuluzikulu m'zaka zimenezo sizinachite bwino (mwatsoka, kwa asilikari).

Maganizo a apolisi a Friedrich

Zina mwa mauthenga a asilikali a ku Russia Frederick Wachiwiri anali ndi akuluakulu ake. Panthawi ina, utumiki wa Ufumu wa Russia unaphatikizapo Kate, Treshkov, Fink, Manstein ndi Grant. Iwo analankhula mosangalala kwambiri za bungwe la asilikali a Russia. Komabe, Frederick sanali wopusa konse, ndipo nkhondo pazigawo ziwiri sizinali zolinga zake. Zonse zomwe adawona gulu la adani ake, sankafuna kukangana ndi Russia.

Kotero, ngakhale Levald, yemwe anamenya nkhondo ku Gross-Jägersdorf kuchokera ku Prussia, anali ndi mphamvu za ufumu osati kungomenyana chabe, komanso kuyankhulana mwamtendere. Kuwonjezera apo, Frederick adamulanga mwamphamvu ngati apambana ku Russia kuti akhudze iwo kwenikweni kudziko. M'zaka za zana la 18 zokha mu mbiriyakale ya Russia, mwatsoka, iwo anakhala olemera kwenikweni pa nkhondo.

Maganizo a mbali ya Russia

Zomwe zinali mu msasa wa ku Russia (pakati pa apolisi) zinali zowonongeka: kukanika kwa Friedrich yekha sikunali nthano. Nkhondo zake zazikulu zinali zitathyola mzimu wa iwo omwe sanayambe kumenyana naye!

Kusiyanitsa ndi "kwathunthu" kwathunthu Levald, Apraksin anali chidole chenicheni, kukakamizidwa kuti apite ku Petersburg pa chinthu china chirichonse. Mu 1757, sakudziwa ngakhale kumene adzayenera kutsogolera asilikali. A "strategist" ochokera mumzindawu pa lamulo la Neva: "Kuti muyende njira yotereyi, ngati nkoyenera, mutapambana, mutembenukire ku Prussia, ngakhale ku Silesia." Mkulu, ndinganene chiyani ...

Mkhalidwe wa magulu a magulu omenyana

Mu May 1757, asilikali a Apraksin anayamba nkhondo. Gulu la asilikali liri ndi asilikali okwana 100,000, ndipo zikwi makumi asanu ndi ziwiri zimakhala ndi magulu ankhondo. Asilikali achoka ku Livonia, akupita ku Neman. Panthawiyo, asilikali (20,000) a General-Anshef Fermor anazinga Memel, pogwiritsa ntchito zombo za ku Russia. Pomaliza, pa June 25, memel wakale ya Memel idatengedwa, pambuyo pake polojekiti imayamba. Field Marshal Apraksin, akutenga nawo magulu akuluakulu, akusuntha kutsogolo kwa Verzhbolovo ndi Gumbinen.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Levald ndi ankhondo akugwiritsa ntchito mpumulo wabwino pa malo okonzeka bwino ku Velau. Zochita za a Russia zimatsatiridwa ndi gulu laling'ono la asilikali. Koma pamene Prussian field marshal adapeza kuti mnzake wa ku Russia, atagwirizana ndi Fermor, kuyambira pa 23 August (August) kutsogolo kwa mzinda wa Allenburg (mudzi wa Druzhba m'chigawo cha Kaliningrad), Levald akusokoneza "tchuthi" ndipo akubwera kudzakumana ndi mdaniyo, akufuna kumenyana naye. . Sachita manyazi ndi kupambana kwa asilikali a Russia ...

Kodi zinthu zinali bwanji mderalo?

Kumapeto kwa August (molingana ndi kalembedwe katsopano), Apraksin amadutsa mtsinje wa Pregel, womwe umadutsa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Norkiten. Pambuyo pake, mtsogoleriyo akuganiza zopatsa mpumulo asilikali, kumanga pakati pa mitsinje ya Pregel ndi Auxin (Priti tributary). Malowa sanasankhidwe mwadzidzidzi: Pregel adachoka kumpoto pamaso pa mdani wodalirika, kuchokera kummawa komwe malo a asilikali a Russia anagwedezeka ndi Auxina, kum'mwera chakumadzulo kumadzulo kunali nkhalango yowirira, yomwe idali yovuta kubisa mwachinsinsi asilikali. Lowani mumsasa ungakhale pamsewu ang'onoang'ono atatu, omwe amasungidwa bwino.

Anthu oyendayenda anali ndi phalanx, ndipo mbali yake ya kumanzere inali pamtsinje wa Auxin. Pafupi kunali Schlossberg Castle. Mipendera inali kuyang'aniridwa ndi mahatchi, omwe anali kutsogolo kwa mudzi wa Weinoten. Choipa kwambiri chinali mbali ya kumanzere, komwe pangochitika chiwonongeko ndicho chokhacho choletsera kuukira kwakukulu kwa mdani.

Kotero asilikali a Aprakinin anaima kwa masiku angapo, ndipo mtsogoleri wa nthawi yonseyi sanavutike kuti apange ntchito iliyonse yodzivomereza, osadziŵa zonse za kusokoneza mdani ndi mphamvu zake. Izi ndizopusa makamaka chifukwa chakuti mtsogoleriyo anali ndi asilikali 16,000 okwera pamahatchi a Russian, omwe anali abwino kuti azindikire. Kuphatikizanso apo, ambiri osowa ziphuphu anadutsamo kupita kumsasa, zomwe mwamsanga zinachenjeza za cholinga cha Levald kuti chiukire, kuyamba nkhondo ku Gross-Jägersdorf. Tsikuli linalinso lachindunji: m'mawa a August 30th.

Pafunika kovomerezeka

Levald, mwa njira, kale pa August 29 imapereka chidziwitso chokwanira chaderalo, kutumiza cholingachi magulu awiri pa nthawi: ang'ono ndi aakulu. Otsatirawa anali oposa makumi anayi okwana 40, mtsogoleri wawo anaikidwa kukhala mkulu wa asilikali Shorlemer. Komabe, Levald sanakhale ndi mwayi. Mwachitsanzo, Shorlemer sakanatha kupeza kumanzere kwa gulu lankhondo la Russia pafupi ndi Zitenfeld. Panthawiyi mpando wawung'ono, wotsogoleredwa ndi lieutenant Lieven, watumizidwa ku Zitenfeld. Kumeneko kumaphatikiza gawo lachiwiri, lamulo lomwe laperekedwa kwa general-anshefa Lopukhin.

Mwachidule, pa August 30, zinthu zinapangidwa kukhala zoyenerera pa masewero a zopanda pake: asilikali awiri akuluakulu amayamba nkhondo, ngakhale kuti sakudziwa kanthu za mphamvu za mdani kapena zida zake.

Asilikali a asilikali achi Russia ndi a Prussia

Choncho, pankhondo ya Gross-Jegersdorf yochokera kumbali ya a Prussia imabwera: 22 mabomba okwera pamahatchi, komanso magulu okwana 50 okwera pamahatchi. Chiwerengero chonsecho ndi pafupifupi 25 kapena 28,000 anthu. Zothandizira zida zimakhala ngati mfuti 35, "mau" amatha palimodzi ndi mfuti zolemera khumi ndi ziwiri.

Apakitala amalamulira mabomba okwana 89 a makina osakanikirana, makamwa khumi ndi anayi a amisiri, ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi okwana makumi asanu ndi atatu okwera pamahatchi. "Kuthandizira makhalidwe" kunakhala ngati okwera pamahatchi opanda pake. Ponseponse, pansi pa Russian Field Marshal, panali asilikali pafupifupi 50-55,000. Apolisiwo anali ndi mfuti 154, komanso 79 mfuti. Zinadabwitsa kuti anthu a ku Prussian anali okonzeka ku Susvalov.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale a kumadzulo a ku America akunena mosasamala kuti ndi anthu a Russia oposa amenewa ndi mabomba "sizodabwitsa kupambana", komatu amakayikira zinthu zina: mpaka 40-50% a asilikali a Russia (!) Sanatengere nawo nkhondo Amagwirizana ndi malamulo osadziwika ndi zochitika za m'deralo. Ngati sikuli chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwa asilikali ndi alonda, nkhondo ya Gross-Jägersdorf ikhoza kukhala chitsanzo chowopsya chogonjetsedwa.

Kodi nkhondoyo inapitirira motani?

Madzulo a August 29, Apraksin amapereka asilikali kuti ayambe kulankhula m'mawa kwambiri. Monga momwe olemba mbiri ena amanenera, iye sankakhulupirira za malipoti a olakwira ndipo anaganiza zothetsa njira yake kuchoka mumsampha wowopsa. Ena amaganiza kuti munda wamtunduwu umayenera kukamenyana pamalo otseguka (iye sakonda Gross-Jägersdorf), yomwe inali yoyenerera bwino kwa mahatchi. M'mawa, chochitika chinachitika: madera apamwamba a Russia akudabwa kwambiri, mwadzidzidzi akuyang'anizana maso ndi maso ndi Prussians omwe apita patsogolo.

Ophunzirawo anafika mofulumira kwambiri, ndipo pamsewu wopita ku nkhalangoyi munali chisokonezo chenichenicho: mahatchi okhumudwa anaponderezedwa ndi anthu, ndipo maboma ambuyo sakanatha kuwathandiza makomera awo othawa chifukwa cha zovuta. Nkhondoyo inayamba ku Gross-Jägersdorf.

Kumanga Prussians

Kupita patsogolo kwa anthu a ku Russia kunadabwitsa kwambiri anthu a ku Prussia omwe anaukira: Levald ankafuna kuti amenyane nawo pamsasawo, osati kumenyana ndi mizati yoyenda. Zisanayambe, a Prussia anasiya malo usiku ndipo anayamba kumangidwa pa 3.30 mmawa, pokhala ndi Gross-Jägersdorf ngati malo olembera. Ntchito yomanga nyumbayi inali yotsatilapo: ziŵili ziwiri zapachiŵenizi zimakhala malo apakati, mabomba awiri ena ndi mahatchi angapo akuphimba mahatchi akuphimba.

Pamaso ponse panali mabatire atatu a zida, aliyense ali ndi mfuti sikisi. Panthawiyi a Prussia samawona asilikali a ku Russia, koma amamva malamulo ndi zowawa zomwe zimamveka kuchokera kumsasa wake. Lamulo la ntchitoyi laperekedwa ndendende pa 4.00 m'mawa. Pafupifupi theka la ora asilikali a Prussia akuyendayenda, ndikumenyana ndi nkhonya kumadera a Russia. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kutenga ndi akavalo akugwera pambali zonse ziwiri. Choyamba, nkhondo ya Gross-Jägersdorf inayamba kukonda A Prussians.

Kupambana koyamba kwa Prussia

Chifukwa cha "zodabwitsa" Prussia ali ndi mwayi poyamba. Magulu okwana 30 okwera pamahatchi amatha kuwombera asilikali okwera pamahatchi a ku Russia ndipo amapita kutsogolo kwa achibwana, omwe anali ku Weinoten. Prince Holstein, yemwe amatsogolera asilikali angapo, panthaŵiyi akuukira asilikali okwera pamahatchi, omwe amakakamizika kupita pansi pa chitetezo cha mabatire a zida. Komabe, panthawi imeneyo ambiri mwa anthu oyendayenda anali atasonkhana kale, ndipo, pochita limodzi ndi asilikali okwera pamahatchi, adatha kutaya achi Prussians.

Kupha kwakukulu kunagwera pa magawo awiri Lopukhin. Apa ndi pamene nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri ikuyamba. Mabomba a Saltykov ndi Vilboa, omwe mphamvu yonse ya gulu la Prussia ikugwedezeka pansi, amatha kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Wilboa anataya pafupifupi theka la asilikali ake, koma osati kulimba mtima: adakankhira kumbali ya nkhalango, akupitiriza "kuseka", kuwapweteka kwambiri kwa a Prussians. Amfutiwo anadzidziwikiranso okha: Asamalonda a Shuvalov amapanga mabowo akuluakulu a asilikali a Friedrich motsogoleredwa ndi anzeru awo. Kawirikawiri, kupambana kwakukulu kwa asilikali a ku Russia kunali kotheka chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zida zankhondo.

Kusintha kwake

Pamphepete mwa nkhalango yoipa, nkhondoyo ikuyamba kudutsa mu nkhondo zoopsa. Malowa amachokera ku gawo lachitatu ndipo akupha asilikali okwera pamahatchi a Shorlemera, pambuyo pake akukakamizidwa kuchoka, atanyamula malipiro aakulu. Prince Holstein anayesanso kuti amuukire, koma khalidwe lake lachiŵiri linakhumudwitsidwa bwino. Panthawi imeneyi, gawo lachiwiri la ku Russia, lomwe linatambasula, likuyandikira, likuyandikana ndi chilengedwe. Mkhalidwewu umasungidwa ndi Major General PA Rumyantsev, akukwaniritsa maulamuliro atsopano anayi mu mphamvu ya Prussians.

Kulimbana kumeneku kunali kovuta. M'zigawo zonse za Prussia echelons pali chisokonezo chochulukirapo, chomwe chimakhala chisokonezo chenicheni ndi chisokonezo. Mphepete yachiwiri imatha kuyendetsa asilikali ake omwe ali ndi zida zankhondo ndi moto wa mfuti kuchokera ku mzere woyamba, pambuyo pake kuwuluka koopsa kwa Prussians kumayamba. Mahatchi a Shorlemera anali ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri, omwe omenyera nkhondo, pokhala pansi pa moto wakuda wa Russia, anatha kukhala mwamtendere ndi mwachangu. Mbali zina za gulu lankhondo la Prussia zinathawa mofulumira kotero kuti zinatenga iwo oposa tsiku limodzi kuti awasonkhanitse.

Kotero, zotsatira za nkhondo zomwe zinachitika m'chaka cha 1757 ndi ziti? Nkhondo yangoyamba kumene kusonkhanitsa mbewu yake yamagazi: kutayika kwa mbali ya Prussia ndikulingalira anthu 4,500, asilikali athu anataya 5.5 zikwi. Anaphedwa kumbali yathu anali pafupi hafu ndi theka.

Kodi pamapeto otani?

Apraksin, kugonjetsa Levald pankhondo yoyamba, ikuchita ngati kupambana kunapindula ndi a Prussians. Munda wa Prussia wotchedwa marshal umakhala wotsogoleretsa asilikali kupita ku Velau. Apraksin, pofika pafupi ndi malo omwe gulu lachiwiri la asilikali a Prussia linalipo nkhondo isanamenyane, sichita kalikonse. Pokhapokha pa September 5, iye amayesa kuyesera kuti amenyane ndi mbali ya kumanzere ya Levald. Amanyengerera mosamala, posankha kupulumutsa asilikali.

Asilikali a ku Russia adzakumana naye mu 1760, pamene iye, pokhala mkulu wa Berlin, adzakhazikitsa chitetezo cha likulu la Prussia kuchokera ku zochita za Kazakhstan Totleben.

Kumapeto kwa August, Apraksin adachoka kumalo ake ndipo, mofulumizitsa kukakamiza Pregel, akuyamba kuthamangira ku Neman. Ndi kuchedwa kwa sabata, a Prussians amayamba kuyendetsa gulu lathu nthawi zonse, kuwatsatira kumalire awo. Nkhumba imayamba mu gulu lankhondo la Russia. Anthu okwera pamahatchi a Kalmy anafa chifukwa cha mliriwo moti anakakamizika kubwerera kwawo.

Apraksin anachotsedwa ku ofesi, anaweruzidwa kuti adzaweruzidwe, koma asanamwalire ndi stroke. Zifukwa zomwe zimamuopsezera kuti asakhalenso ndi mantha sakudziwika mpaka lero. N'zotheka kuti malamulo ena ochokera ku likulu adamukakamiza. Tanena kale kuti Field Marshal sakanatha kupanga zosankha zodziimira yekha ndikumvetsetsa kuti udindo wake waulendo woterewu ndi wotani, kotero izi sizinali zoyenera.