Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse: Ndani anamenyana naye? Zolinga za mabomba. Kodi Russia anali ndani pa nkhondo?

Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse: Ndani anamenyana naye? Tsopano funso ili likhoza kudodometsa anthu ambiri amatawuni. Koma Nkhondo Yaikulu, monga idatchulidwira padziko lonse lapansi isanafike 1939, idatha miyoyo yoposa miriyoni makumi awiri ndikusintha mbiri ya mbiri kwamuyaya. Kwa zaka zinayi zamagazi, maufumuwo adagwa, anthu sanathe, mgwirizano unapangidwa. Choncho, kudziwa za izi n'kofunikira makamaka pa cholinga cha chitukuko chachikulu.

Zifukwa za kutha kwa nkhondo

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, vuto la ku Ulaya linali lodziwika kwa maulamuliro onse akuluakulu. Olemba mbiri ndi olemba mbiri ambiri amanena zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zapatukuko za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Aliyense amene anamenyana pamaso pa yani, ndi mitundu yanji yomwe anali mgwirizano wina ndi mzake ndi zina zotero - zonsezi sizinali zofunikira kwenikweni m'mayiko ambiri. Zolinga za nkhanza za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse zinali zosiyana, koma chifukwa chachikulu chinali chikhumbo chachikulu cha kufalitsa mphamvu zake ndikupeza misika yatsopano.

Choyamba, ndi bwino kuganizira za chikhumbo cha Germany, chifukwa iye ndiye amene adakhala wachiwawa ndipo kwenikweni anamasula nkhondo. Koma sitiyenera kuganiza kuti Ufumu wa Germany wokha unali kufuna nkhondo, ndipo maiko ena onse sanakonzekere zoti adzaukire ndipo adzidziteteza okha.

Zolinga za ku Germany

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, dziko la Germany linapitiriza kukula mofulumira. Ufumuwo unali ndi gulu labwino, mitundu yamakono ya zida, chuma chamakono. Vuto lalikulu linali kuti kugwirizanitsa kwa dziko la Germany pansi pa mbendera imodzi kunali kotheka kokha pakati pa zaka za zana la 19. Apa ndiye kuti Ajeremani anakhala ochita masewera ofunika pazomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi. Koma panthawi yomwe dziko la Germany lidayamba kukhala wamphamvu, nthawi ya chiwonetsero chokakamiza inali itasowa kale. England, France, Russia ndi mayiko ena anali ndi mizinda yambiri. Iwo anatsegula malonda abwino a malonda a likulu la mayiko awa, kuloledwa kukhala ndi ntchito yotchipa, chakudya chochuluka ndi katundu wapadera. Germany analibe ichi. Zamagetsi zowonjezera zowonjezera zakhala zikuyambitsa kusamba. Kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi malo ochepa a kubwezeretsa kwawo kunayambitsa kusowa kwa chakudya. Kenaka utsogoleri wa Germany unaganiza kuchoka ku lingaliro la kukhala membala wa commonwealth wa mayiko, kukhala ndi liwu lachiwiri. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ziphunzitso zandale zinali zolinga kumanga ufumu wa Germany monga mphamvu yoyendetsa dziko lapansi. Ndipo njira yokhayo yopezera iyi ndi nkhondo.

Chaka cha 1914. Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse: Kodi iwo anamenyana ndi ndani?

Mayiko ena amaganiza chimodzimodzi. Akuluakulu a boma adakakamiza maboma a madera onse akuluakulu kuti akule. Russia poyamba ankafuna kugwirizanitsa pansi pa mabungwe ambiri a Asilavo monga momwe angathere, makamaka ku Balkan, makamaka popeza anthu amderalo anali okhulupirika kutero.

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ku Turkey. Otsogolera oyendetsa dziko lapansi anali kuyang'anitsitsa kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Ottoman ndipo anali kuyembekezera mphindi kuti ayambe chidutswa kuchokera ku chimphona ichi. Masautso ndi kuyembekezera zinachitikira ku Ulaya konse. Panali nkhondo zamagazi m'madera a Yugoslavia zamakono, kenako nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Aliyense yemwe anamenyana naye amene ali ku Balkan nthawi zina sanakumbukire anthu a kumidzi ya South Slavic okha. Akuluakulu akuyendetsa asilikaliwo patsogolo, akusintha mgwirizano malinga ndi phindu. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti, mwachiwonekere, chinachake cholakalaka kuposa nkhondo yapachiweniweni chikanachitika ku Balkans. Kotero izo zinachitika. Kumapeto kwa June, Gavrilo Princip anapha Archduke Ferdinand. Ufumu wa Austria ndi Hungary unagwiritsa ntchito mwambo umenewu chifukwa chodziwitsa nkhondo.

Zoyembekeza za maphwando

Mayiko akumenyana a Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko lonse sankaganiza kuti nkhondoyo idzabweretse chiani. Ngati mumaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mapulani a maphwando, zikuwonekeratu kuti aliyense adzapambana chifukwa cha kukhumudwa mofulumira. Nkhondoyo idatenga miyezi ingapo. Izi zinayenera, mwa zina, kunena kuti kale panalibe zochitika m'mbiri, pamene mphamvu zonse zimagwira nawo nkhondo.

Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse: Ndani adamenyana ndi ndani?

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1914, adagwirizana awiri: Entente ndi Triple. Oyamba anaphatikizapo Russia, Britain, France. Chachiŵiri - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. Mayiko ang'onoang'ono adagwirizana mozungulira umodzi mwa mgwirizano umenewu pamene nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inayamba. Kodi Russia anali ndani pa nkhondo? Ndili ndi Bulgaria, Turkey, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Albania. Komanso maumboni angapo a zida za mayiko ena.

Pambuyo pa mavuto a Balkan ku Ulaya, maofesi akuluakulu a nkhondo anakhazikitsidwa - Kumadzulo ndi Kum'maŵa. Ndiponso, ntchito za usilikali zinkachitika ku Transcaucasia komanso m'madera osiyanasiyana ku Middle East ndi Africa. Zili zovuta kulembera mikangano yonse yomwe nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse yachititsa. Aliyense amene amamenyana ndi amene amadalira kukhala membala wina ndi mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la France lakhala litalota kale kuti Alsace ndi Lorraine adzalandire. Ndipo Turkey ndi dziko ku Armenia.

Kwa ufumu wa Russia, nkhondo inali yofunika kwambiri. Ndipo osati ndalama zokha. Pamphepete mwa nyanja, asilikali a ku Russia anavutika kwambiri.

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zinayambira pachiyambi cha October Revolution, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha Socialist chinakhazikitsidwa. Anthuwa sanamvetsetse chifukwa chake zikwi zikwi zinasonkhana kumadzulo, ndipo ochepa adabweranso.
Chidwi chinali makamaka chaka choyamba cha nkhondo. Zotsatirazi zinali zotsatila. Mitengo yambiri yamakilomita anakumbidwa, ambiri ankatetezedwa.

Chikhalidwe cha nkhondo yokhazikika nthawi zonse chikufotokozedwa bwino m'buku la Remarque "On the Western Front popanda Change." Zinali m'mitsinje imene miyoyo ya asilikali inkagwedezeka, ndipo chuma cha mayikochi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pa nkhondo, kuchepetsa mtengo wa mayiko ena onse. Miyezi 11 miliyoni yamtendere inatenga nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Ndani adalimbana naye? Yankho la funsoli lingakhale lokha: capitalists ndi capitalists.