Emperor Peter II: biography, zochitika za boma, mbiri ndi kusintha

Catherine Ine ndi Peter II analamulira zaka zisanu zokha. Komabe, panthawiyi iwo adatha kuwononga mabungwe ambiri omwe adakonzedweratu omwe adalipo kale ndi mavuto aakulu. Sizinali zopanda kanthu kuti Peter Wamkulu, asanamwalire, sakanatha kusankha wolowa nyumba woyenera kuti apatsidwa mpando wachifumu ndi mtima wangwiro.

Kwenikweni kopanda pake chinali ulamuliro wa mdzukulu wa mfumu yoyamba ya ku Russia.

Makolo

Mfumu yam'tsogolo Peter Petro ndiye woimira womaliza wa banja la Romanov mu mzere wolunjika wamwamuna. Makolo ake anali Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich ndi German Princess Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel Charlotte. Bambo ake anali mwana wosakondedwa, yemwe bambo wamkuluyo ankamuzunza nthawi zonse. Banja la Alexei linali lachangu ndipo anakwatira motsatira dongosolo la Peter I. Mfumukazi Charlotte nayenso sanachite chidwi ndi kupita ku "Muscovy" monga mkazi wa mnyamata wosamvetsetseka yemwe sanamvere.

Chirichonse chomwe chinali, ukwatiwo unachitika mu 1711. Chikwaticho chinatha zaka zinayi zokha, kutha kwa imfa ya mkaziyo atatha kubadwa kwa mnyamata wina wotchedwa agogo ake a Peter.

Zithunzi: ubwana

Pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwake (October 12, 1715), Emperor Peter Wachiwiri wam'tsogolo ndiye adagonjetsa ufumu wa Russia. Komabe, izi sizinathe nthawi yaitali. Zoona zake n'zakuti masiku angapo kenako amalume ake anabadwa. Mwanayu ankatchedwanso Peter, mosemphana ndi miyambo yonse, ndipo mu February 1718 iye adalonjezedwa woloŵa nyumba kupyolera mchimwene wake Alexei. Kotero, ubwana wa mdzukulu wa mfumuyo anali wosauka komanso wamasiye, popeza analibe amayi, ndipo bambo, omwe poyamba sanamuwonetsere chidwi, adaphedwa. Ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya Petr Petrovich, sanafike ku khoti, popeza agogo aamuna, omwe anaganiza zopenda kalonga, adadziŵa kusadziwa kwake kwathunthu.

Funso la kutsatizana ku mpando wachifumu

Malinga ndi malamulo onse okhwima pambuyo pa imfa ya Peter I, wolowa nyumba yekhayo ndiye kuti adzalandire ufumu. Komabe, oimira ambiri a mabanja akuluakulu aamuna, omwe adasaina chilango cha imfa kwa Tsarevich Alexei kapena omwe anali naye paubwenzi, anali oopa kuti adzapulumuka moyo wawo ngati atalowa ufumu wawo.

Choncho pamapangidwe awiri a milandu adakhazikitsidwa: kuthandizira ana achichepere Peter ndi ophatikiza ake. Wachiwiriwa analandira chithandizo champhamvu kwambiri kuchokera kwa mfumu, yemwe adasaina lamulo loletsa malamulo apitalo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti munthu akhale woloŵa nyumba kwa aliyense amene mfumuyo inamuona kuti ndi woyenera kulamulira. Kuyambira pamene Peter Woyamba analibe nthawi yochitira izi, mnzake wapamtima - Menshikov - adatha kuika Mfumukazi Catherine ku mpando wachifumu. Komabe, kalonga wamphamvuyo adadziwa kuti sangathe kulamulira kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo adali ndi lingaliro lokwatira wokwatiwa wachiroma yekha pa mwana wake wamkazi Maria. Kotero, patapita nthawi, iye akhoza kukhala agogo aamwamuna wolowa ufumu ku ufumu ndi kulamulira dziko mwa yekha.

Pochita izi, anakhumudwitsa kwambiri Maria Menshikova ndipo adazindikira kuti apongozi ake adzakhala olowa nyumba.

Kulumikizana ku mpando wachifumu

Catherine ine ndinamwalira pa Meyi 6, 1727. Pomwe chifunirocho chidawerengedwa, zinakhala kuti iye sanangosankha mdzukulu wa mwamuna wake kukhala wolowa nyumba, komanso adalamula aliyense kuti apereke nawo mgwirizano wa ukwati pakati pa iye ndi mwana wa Alexander Menshikov. Cholinga chomaliza cha Mkazichi chinapangidwa, komabe, popeza Peter Wachiwiri sanakwanitse zaka zakubadwa, adzikaniza okha kulengeza zomwe akuchita. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Khoti Lalikulu linayamba kulamulira dzikoli, lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Wolamulira Wamkulu, amene adzakhale atate wa mfumu nthawi yomweyo.

Peter II: Bungwe

Mfumu yachinyamata chifukwa cha ukalamba ndi luso silinathe kulamulira payekha. Zotsatira zake, mphamvu poyamba inali pafupi ndi apongozi ake omwe amati ndi apongozi ake. Monga pansi pa Catherine I, dzikoli linali lolamulidwa ndi inertia. Ngakhale kuti mabungwe ambiri amayesetsa kutsatira malangizo a Peter I, komabe ndale yomwe idapangidwa ndi iye popanda kukhalapo siingathe kugwira bwino ntchito.

Komabe, Menshikov anayesa njira iliyonse yoonjezera kutchuka kwa achinyamata a tsar pakati pa anthu. Kwa ichi iye anapanga ma manifesto awiri m'malo mwake. Pa oyambirira a iwo omwe anatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo ku chilango cha osalipira misonkho adakhululukidwa, ndipo a serfs anachotsa ngongole zakale ku chuma. Kuwonjezera apo, ziganizozo zachepetsedwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, izo zinaletsedwa kulengeza matupi a omwe anaphedwa.

Pankhani ya malonda achilendo, kwakhala kofunikira nthawi yayitali kuti achite kusintha kwakukulu. Peter II, yemwe adamulamulira kwambiri Alexander Menshikov, adachepetsa ntchito ya hemp ndi nsalu, kutumizidwa kunja, kuti awonjezere ndalama za chuma, ndipo ntchito ya ubweya wa ubweya wa Siberia nthawi zambiri sankatha kulipira boma peresenti ya ndalama.

Chodetsa nkhaŵa china cha Menshikov chinali kuteteza zipolowe za mfumu kuti athetse mphamvu zake. Kwa ichi iye, monga momwe akanathera, anayesa kusokoneza anzake omwe anali nawo nthawi yaitali. Makamaka, m'malo mwa mfumu, iye adayika udindo wa a-general-marshal kwa akalonga Dolgorukov ndi Trubetskoi, komanso Burchard Minih. Menshikov mwiniwakeyo anapatsa dzina la Chief Commander-General ndi Generalissimo wa asilikali a Russia.

Kusintha kwa mphamvu

Ndili ndi zaka, mfumu yachinyamatayo inayamba kuzizira kwa Menshikovs. Pa nkhaniyi, osati Osterman, yemwe anali mphunzitsi wake ndipo anayesa njira iliyonse yothetsera wophunzira wake kuchokera ku Mtsogoleri Wodala. Anathandizidwa ndi Ivan Dolgoruky, amene ankafuna kukwatira Peter II pa mlongo wake Princess Catherine.

Pamene chilimwe cha 1727 Menshikov adadwala, adani ake adamuwonetsa mfumu yachinyamatayo zipangizo zafukufuku pankhani ya Tsarevich Alexei. Kuchokera kwa iwo, adaphunzira za udindo wa atate wa mkwatibwi wake pankhani yokhutira ndi kupha mwana wake Petro I.

Menshikov atabwerera kuntchito, adanena kuti mpongozi wam'tsogolo adachoka kunyumba yake yachifumu ndipo tsopano akukambirana nkhani zonse ndi Osterman ndi Dolgoruky.

Pasanapite nthawi, Wolamulira Wamkulu adaimbidwa mlandu wotsutsa komanso kuthamangitsidwa kudziko la Tobolsk ndi banja lake.

Peter II mwiniyo anasamukira ku Moscow ndipo adalengeza za Catherine Dolgoruky. Tsopano iye ankachita zosangalatsa, ndipo boma linkalamulidwa ndi achibale a mkwatibwi wake.

Imfa

Pa January 6, 1730, pambuyo pa kuunikira kwa madzi pa mtsinje wa Moskva, Peter II anatenga chida cha asilikali ndipo anali ozizira kwambiri. Atafika panyumba, anapeza kuti anali ndi nthomba. Malingana ndi mboni, mu delirium, anali wofunitsitsa kupita kwa mchimwene wake Natalia, yemwe anamwalira zaka zingapo zapitazo. Mfumuyo inamwalira patapita masiku 12 ndipo inakhala mdindo womaliza wa ku Russia amene anaikidwa m'manda ku Khedlin Angel's Cathedral.

Makhalidwe a Peter II

Malinga ndi malemba a anthu a m'nthaŵi yamasiku ano, mfumu yachinyamatayo siinali yosiyana ndi nzeru kapena mwakhama. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, sanaphunzire bwino, ndipo n'zosadabwitsa, popeza kuti sanayang'anire bwino ndi akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri akapolo ake komanso makhalidwe ake oipa ankadodometsa pakati pa nthumwi ndi alendo omwe anabwera ku Russia ndikupereka kukhoti. Ngakhale atakhala ndi moyo wokalamba, sizingatheke kuti boma lake lidzapambana dzikoli.