Black-Party maphwando kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XX: pulogalamu, atsogoleri, oimira

Mamembala a mabungwe okonda dziko la Russia a 1905-17 adatchedwa Black Hundreds, omwe adatsata ku maudindo a monarchism, anti-Semitism ndi mphamvu zazikulu zamatsenga. Mabungwewa ankagwiritsa ntchito mantha kwa opanduka. Atsitsi mazana mazana ku Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi asanu ndi awiri anaphatikizidwa mu kufalikira kwa misonkhano, mawonetsero, ndi misonkhano. Mabungwewo anathandiza boma, anachita machitidwe achiyuda.

Poyang'ana ndikovuta kumvetsetsa kayendetsedwe kake. A Black-Magulu maphwando ankaphatikizapo oimira mabungwe omwe sanagwirizane palimodzi. Komabe, ngati muima pa zofunikira kwambiri, mukhonza kuona kuti mazana mazana akuda malingaliro ndi malingaliro a chitukuko. Tiyeni tiwone mwachidule a Black-hundred maphwando a Russia ndi atsogoleri awo.

Mabungwe akulu ndi atsogoleri

"Msonkhano wa Russia", womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu 1900, ukhoza kukhala bungwe loyamba la mfumu m'dziko lathu. Sitidzakumbukira omwe adagonjetsa, "gulu la Russia" (bungwe lobisala silinathe nthawi yayitali). Komabe, mphamvu yaikulu ya gulu la Black Black linali "Union of the Russian People", yomwe inayamba mu 1905.

Iye ankatsogoleredwa ndi Dubrovin. Purishkevich mu 1908 anatsutsana maganizo ake ndi iye ndipo anasiya NRC. Iye adalenga bungwe lake, "Union of Michael Michael". Mu NRC mu 1912 panali magawano yachiwiri. Kulimbana kumeneku kunayambira pakati pa Markov ndi Dubrovin. Dubrovin achoka ku Union tsopano. Iye anapanga chipangizo cha ultra-choyenera ku Dubrovinsky "Union of the Russian people." Poyamba, mwa njira iyi, atsogoleri atatu a mafumu a dziko lapansi adatuluka: Markov (SRN), Purishkevich (SMA) ndi Dubrovin (VRADN).

Mitu Yamtundu-Mazana mazana adatchulidwa pamwambapa. Mukhozanso kuzindikira "mgwirizanowu wa Russia." Komabe, oimira phwandoli anali atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso olemekezeka, motero gululi linali laling'ono ndipo silinayamikire chidwi. Komanso, patapita kanthawi phwandowo linagawanika. Chigawo cha bungwe chinapita ku Purishkevich.

Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "Mazana Aakulu"

Mawu akuti "Mazana Aakulu" amachokera ku liwu lakale la Chirasha "wakuda mazana", kutanthauza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu, chigawanika ndi magulu ankhondo (mazana). Oimirira omwe anali ndi chidwi ndi ife anali mamembala achikatolika a Chiroma, achikristu ndi otsutsa-samu. "Black Black" - mawu omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kutanthawuza anthu omwe akutsutsa-Semiti ndi apolisi. Oimira gululi amatsutsa, kutsutsana ndi mfundo za demokarasi, mfundo ya munthu mmodzi, mphamvu yeniyeni. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti dziko la Russia liri ndi adani atatu omwe ayenera kulimbana nawo. Ndi wosatsutsika, wanzeru komanso mlendo.

Black Black mazana ndi Sobriety

Pakati pathu panali maphwando a Black-Black ochokera ku gulu lotchuka kuti athetse uchidakwa. Mabungwe awa sanakanepo nthano. Ankaganiza kuti kumwa mowa mwazing'ono kwambiri ndi njira yowonjezera poizoni ndi vodka. Ena mwa maselo a Black Hundreds anali atapangidwira mwa mawonekedwe a kudziletsa, kuwerenga kwa anthu, tiyi komanso ngakhale mowa.

Anthu Ambiri Akuda ndi Amphawi

Ma Black Black ndi phwando limene pulogalamu yawo yazinthu siinayambe bwino bwino, kupatula kuyitana pa Ayuda, aluntha, omasuka ndi otsutsa. Chifukwa chake, anthu amtunduwu, omwe sanagwirizane ndi magulu awa, anakhalabe osakhudzidwa ndi mabungwe awa.

Pogroms wa anzeru ndi Ayuda

Anthu Atsitsi-Mazana ambiri adagwiritsa ntchito pikisokonezo poyambitsa chidani cha mitundu ndi dziko. Izi zinapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri agwirizane ndi nkhondo za ku Russia. Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti magromoms anayamba ngakhale ngakhale gulu la Black Black lisanatumizidwe. Anzeru sankathawa nthawi zonse, yomwe cholinga chake chinali "adani a Russia." Oimira ake ankatha kumenyedwa komanso kuphedwa m'misewu, nthawi zambiri ndi Ayuda. Ngakhale kuti mbali yaikulu ya gulu la Black Black bungwe lokhala ndi akatswiri odziletsa sanatipulumutse.

Osati magromos onse, otsutsana ndi malingaliro otchuka, anali okonzeka bwino ndi maphwando a Black-mazana. Mu 1905-07 mabungwewa adali akadali ochepa. Komabe, mazana mazana a Black anali kugwira ntchito kwambiri m'madera omwe anthu ankasakanikirana (ku Byelorussia, Ukraine, ndi m'madera 15, zomwe zimatchedwa "zikhalidwe za Ayuda"). M'madera awa panali oposa theka la onse oimira a Union of the Russian People, komanso mabungwe ena ofanana. Mtsinje wa pogroms unayamba kuchepa monga ntchito za Mazana A Blackzi zinakhazikitsidwa. Ambiri otchuka a maphwandowa anatsimikizira izi.

Mabungwe opereka ndalama, akufalitsa nyuzipepala

Chitsimikizo chofunikira cha ndalama zothandizira mazanamazana mazana asanu ndi awiri ndizo ndalama za boma. Ndalamazo zinaperekedwa kuchokera ku ndalama za Ministry of Internal Affairs kuti zithetse mgwirizano wa mabungwe awa. Atsamba-Ambiri maphwando, komabe, adasonkhanitsanso zopereka kuchokera kwaokhaokha.

Nthawi zambiri mabungwewa anafalitsa nyuzipepala "Pochaevsky tsamba", "Russian banner", "Groza", "Bell", "Veche". A Black-Mazana maphwando a zaka za zana la makumi awiri oyambirira analimbikitsa maganizo awo m'manyuzipepala akuluakulu monga "Kievlyanin", "Moscow Gazette", "Svet", "Nzika".

Congress ku Moscow

Mabungwewo anachita msonkhano ku Moscow mu October 1906. Ilo linasankha Boma Lalikulu ndipo linagwirizanitsa Mazana Aakulu Aakulu, kupanga "United Russian People". Komabe, mgwirizano wawo sunayambe kuchitika. Chaka chotsatira bungwe linaleka kukhalako.

Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti malingaliro othandiza a Mazana a Black (zonse zomwe zanenedwa ndi ofalitsa ndi mapulogalamu a mabungwe) zinaganizira kuti bungwe lokhazikitsidwa. Pankhani ya kufunika kwa nyumba yamalamulo ndi mabungwe omwe akuyimira anthu ambiri, panali mikangano yambiri. Ma Black Black ndiwo phwando limene pulogalamuyi inalembedwa mwachidule. Choncho, komanso chifukwa china, mabungwe awa sanali othandiza.

Anthu Ambiri Akuda: pulogalamu

Chiphunzitso cha "boma la boma" chinali maziko a pulogalamu ya mabungwe awa. Iye anasankhidwa ndi SS. Uvarov, Pulezidenti wa Maphunziro, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19. Chiphunzitso ichi chinachokera ku chiganizo "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality." Autokarasi ndi Orthodoxy zinkayimiridwa ndi kuyamba koyambirira kwa Russia. Chigawo chomalizira cha "mtundu", chinamvetsedwa ngati kudzipereka kwa anthu awiri. Otsatira-mazana maphwando ndi mabungwe akutsatira autolomasi yopanda malire mu nkhani za bungwe la mkati. Ngakhale boma la Duma, lomwe linawonekera panthawi ya kusintha kwa chaka cha 1905-07, iwo analingalira gulu la uphungu pansi pa tsar. Pochita kusintha m'dzikomo, iwo ankawona kuti ndi ntchito yopanda chiyembekezo komanso yosatheka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mapulogalamu a mabungwe awa (mwachitsanzo, NRC) adalengeza ufulu wa zofalitsa, zonena, zachipembedzo, za mgwirizanowu, za misonkhano, zosagwirizana ndi munthu aliyense,

Pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya agrarian, inali yosasinthasintha. Achimuna mazana a Black sanafune kuti apange mgwirizano. Iwo sanali okhutira ndi mwayi wosankhidwa mwadongosolo dziko la eni nyumba. Iwo adapereka kuti azigulitsa kwa anthu osauka omwe ali ndi boma lopanda boma, komanso kukhazikitsa machitidwe a ngongole ndi lendi.

Kupha Cadets

A Black-maphwando mazana a zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 1900 panthawi ya kusintha (1905-07) adathandizira ambiri malingaliro otsatiridwa ndi boma. Iwo anapha anthu awiri a Komiti Yaikulu ya Party Cadet - G.B. Iollos ndi M.Ya. Herzenstein. Onse awiri anali otsutsana nawo pazandale: anali omasuka, Ayuda ndi akazembe a boma la Duma. Mkwiyo wapadera wa Black Hundreds unadzutsidwa ndi Pulofesa Herzenstein, yemwe analankhula pa funso la agrarian. Anaphedwa pa July 18, 1906 ku Terioki. Otsatira mu "Union of the Russian People" adatsutsidwa pa mlanduwu. Awa ndi A. Polovnev, N. Yuskevich-Kraskovsky, E. Larichkin ndi S. Aleksandrov. Oyamba atatu adaweruzidwa kuti apambane ndikupatsidwa zaka 6, ndipo Alexandrov analandira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuti asanene za chigawenga chomwe chikubwera. Alexander Kazantsev, wakupha munthu uyu, anaphedwa panthawiyo, choncho sanawonekere kukhoti.

Anthu Amtundu wakuda akutaya mphamvu

Ma Black Black ndiwo phwando lomwe, pambuyo pa kusintha kwadziko, lalephera kukhala mgulu umodzi wa ndale, ngakhale kupambana kwina. Oimira ake sanathe kupeza mgwirizano wokwanira pakati pa anthu amitundu yambiri ya Russia. Koma mamembala a chipani ichi adatsutsidwa ndi maphwando akuluakulu otsala komanso mabungwe okondwerera a centrist, omwe anali amphamvu pa nthawi imeneyo. Ngakhale ena omwe angakhale nawo othandizana nawo potsutsidwa ndi otsutsa amitundu yachifumu nawonso anapandukira iwo.

Oopsedwa ndi nkhanza zapachiyambi ndi ndondomeko yaikulu ya Black Mazana, mphamvu zomwe zinali mu mphamvu, mufuko lachikhalidwe, zinaona kuti ndizoopsa kwambiri ku boma. Iwo adatha kutsimikizira Nicholas II, amene adamvera "allies", komanso khoti likuyendera kufunika kosiya njirayi. Izi zinapangitsanso kufooketsa mazana mazana akuda muzandale zandale posachedwa za zochitika za 1917. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko lonse inathandizanso kufooketsa kayendetsedwe kameneka. Otsutsa ambiri ndi mamembala a udindo-ndi-mafayilo a Black-Milk mabungwe ambiri adzipereka. Kuchita chidwi kwa ife m'chaka cha 1917 kusintha sikunathandize kwenikweni. Ma Black Black ndiwo phwando lomwe mautchire awo anawonongedwa mwankhanza pambuyo pa kupambana kwa a Bolshevik, omwe adawona kuti dzikoli likuopseza Soviet system.

Kuletsedwa kwa mabungwe ndi tsogolo la mamembala awo

Mdima-Mabungwe mazana ambiri pambuyo pa kusintha kwa February analetsedwa. Iwo anangosungidwa pang'ono pokha pamalo amodzi. Atsogoleri ambiri otchuka anagwirizana ndi White White pa Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe. Atachoka kudziko lina, adatsutsa ntchito za olowa ku Russia. Olemekezeka ena otchuka a gululi adalumikizana ndi mabungwe amitundu.