Mbiri ya makhalidwe abwino kuyambira kale mpaka lero

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha khalidwe labwino imabwerera ku nthawi zakale. Kuyambira pamene anthu anayamba kukhala m'magulu ambiri, iwo akusowa kuonetsetsa kuti alipo ndi zikhalidwe zina zomwe zimawalola kukhala pamodzi ndi chitonthozo chachikulu. Mfundo yomweyi yakhalapo mpaka pano.

Zotsatira za khalidwe la zaka mazana apitalo

M'dziko lamakono, khalidwe labwino silimangokhala malamulo omwe apangidwa kuti apangitse moyo wathu kukhala wokondweretsa komanso wotetezeka kulankhulana wina ndi mzake, komanso kudziteteza tokha ndi ena kuchokera kuzinthu zopanda chidziwitso ndi zodandaula. Zambiri mwazofunikira, monga kusagwira pamapewa a munthu wosadziwika, ziri zoonekeratu ndipo zimalamulidwa ndi moyo wokha, koma palinso zomwe zimafalitsidwa monga ziphunzitso ndi malangizo.

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha chikhalidwe chapamwamba kwambiri imadziwika makamaka chifukwa cha makhalidwe omwe akupezeka m'mipukutu ya Aigupto ndi ya Aroma, komanso Homer's Odyssey. Kale kale mu zolemba zakale, mfundo za ubale pakati pa amuna, abambo ndi otsogolera zinakhazikitsidwa, ndipo malamulo oyankhulana ndi alendo adakhazikitsidwa. Zimadziwika kuti kuphwanya malowa kumaphatikizapo chilango choopsa kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, zizoloŵezi zoyankhulana pakati pa anthu zinakhala zovuta kwambiri mofanana ndi momwe mbiriyo inakhazikitsire.

Code Knight of Honor

Makhalidwe apamwamba ku Western Europe adapeza nthaka yowonjezera kwambiri m'zaka za zana la X-XI, ndipo kufalikira pakati pa gulu lachikhalidwe la chivalry. Chotsatira chake, Chizindikiro cha Ulemu chinawoneka-malamulo omwe sankangotanthauza makhalidwe ake okha, komanso mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ake, komanso zizindikiro zowonongeka, zomwe zimapereka kwa knight.

Panthawi imeneyi, miyambo yatsopano komanso yatsopano yowonekera, monga mwachitsanzo, kutenga nawo mbali zofunikira pa masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kuchita zozizwitsa m'dzina la mayi wa mtima, ngakhale pa nthawi yomwe mayiyo sanagwirizane nawo. Kuti atsatire mokwanira udindo wake, knight iyenera kukhala wolimba mtima, wolemekezeka ndi wowolowa manja. Komabe, makhalidwe awiri omalizira anali ofunikira okha kwa anthu a iwo okha. Ndi anthu wamba, mpeni unali womasuka kuchita monga iye akufunira, koma iyi ndi nkhani ina.

Khalidwe labwino, kapena kuti, kutsatira malamulo ake mwamphamvu, nthawi zina ankatha kusewera nkhanza ndi iwo amene anamvera mwamseri. Mwachitsanzo, podziwika kuti pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Crecy, yomwe inakhala nkhondo yofunika kwambiri pazaka zana limodzi, nkhondo za ku France, zomwe zinkayendera mfumu yawo Philip VI ndipoti yofulumizitsa, sizinayesedwe kuti ziphwanye lamulo lachigamulo ndi loyambirira kumulankhula. Pamene pamapeto pake mfumu inawalola kuti alankhule, adagwada kwa nthawi yaitali, ndikupatsana ufulu umenewu. Chotsatira chake, malamulo a zizindikiro zabwino adakwaniritsidwa, koma nthawi idatayika, ndipo kubwezeretsa kunapweteka kwambiri pa nkhondoyo.

Malingaliro apamwamba anayamba kupangidwa m'zaka za XVII-XVIII ku khoti la French King Louis XIV. Ndipotu, mawu omwewa adalowa m'dziko lapansi kuchokera ku nyumba yake yachifumu, komwe panthawi yolandira anthu onse adalandira khadi (mu French-etiquete) ndi mndandanda wa malamulo a khalidwe, omwe adafunikira kuti apitirize kutsogozedwa.

Mbiri ya zitukuko zazitukuko ku Russia

Pambuyo pa Petrine Russia panalinso zikhalidwe zina za ulemu, koma sizinachoke ku Ulaya, koma kuchokera ku Byzantium, zomwe kale zidali zolimba. Komabe, miyambo yachikunja yachikale yakale inkagwirizana nawo, nthawi zina kusokoneza nthumwi zakunja. Mbiri ya mayendedwe ku Russia, omwe nthawi zambiri amachitiliza kufufuza, ikuwonetsa kufunika kwa chikhalidwe cha munthu.

Anavomerezedwa, mwachitsanzo, pochezera anzanu, kulowa m'bwalo ndi kuyima pa khonde. Ngati mwininyumbayo anali wapamwamba kuposa udindo, ndiye kuti kunali koyenera kuima pamsewu, ndikuyenda kudutsa pabwalo. Mlendo wofunika amayenera kukumana ndi wokhalapo akuyimirira pa khonde, wofanana mu holoyo, ndi yemwe ali ndi chiwerengero chapansi m'chipinda chapamwamba.

Kulowa m'chipindacho kunali kosavala chipewa, koma kuti asachoke pamsewu ngati ndodo kapena antchito, koma ayenera kuchitidwa m'manja mwake. Atalowa, mlendoyo anabatizidwa katatu ndi mafano, ndipo ndiye, ngati mbuyeyo anali wapamwamba kuposa malo ake, adampatsa uta wadziko lapansi. Ngati iwo anali ofanana, ndiye adagwedeza manja. Achibale omwewo analandira chimodzimodzi.

Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha Russia pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Peter Wamkulu mu njira zambiri zikufanana ndi momwe mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya achitira, omwe akugwedezeka, monga Russia, mwachisokonezo ndi kusowa kwa chikhalidwe. Petro, mofanana ndi mafumu achilendo ambiri, anaumiriza anthu ake kuti atsatire ndondomeko ya chitukuko. Pakati pa anthu apamwamba, adayambitsa zovala za ku Ulaya, kulola kuvala ma caftans ndi armeni okha kwa oimira magulu apansi. Anakakamiza anyamatawo kuti amve ndevu zawo zabwino kwambiri.

Kuwonjezera apo, chifukwa cha tsar, momwemo akazi a ku Russia akhala akusintha kwambiri. Ngati akazi akale ndi ana aakazi omwe anali olemekezeka kwambiri adayenera kukhala pakhomo, tsopano adakhala nawo nthawi zonse pa zikondwerero ndi zikondwerero. Malamulo oyang'anizana ndi iwo adawoneka ndikupita ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Izi zathandiza kwambiri kuti apamwamba a ku Ulaya apindule ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Maphunziro omwe apanga mafashoni

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, makamaka panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Alexander I, maphunziro, komanso kuzindikira zolemba ndi luso, adalowa m'kalasi pakati pa akuluakulu. Kuphunzira zinenero zingapo kunakhala kozoloŵera. Kutsanzira mwatsatanetsatane mafano a azungu a ku Western Europe, mu zovala ndi khalidwe, adapeza chikhalidwe chokhazikika, chotchedwa sous il faut (kuchokera ku French monga liyenera kumasuliridwa "monga momwe ziyenera kukhalira").

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha izi chingakhale chithunzi chomwe timadziwika nacho kuchokera ku benchi la Eugene Onegin. Kuyenera kukumbukira kufunika kwake kuti mulu umenewu umagwiriridwa ndi zovala zake, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo amatha kuunikira pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi chilankhulo chabwino cha Chifalansa komanso odziwa ndakatulo yakale.

Malinga ndi Pushkin, sankatha kuvina mazurka chabe, koma kuti athetse chilembo cha Chilatini epigraph, akambirane za ndakatulo za Juvenal ndipo nthawi yomweyo amapereka epigram yodabwitsa kwa mayiyo. Malingaliro a nthawi imeneyo anali sayansi yonse, kuchokera kumvetsetsa komwe ntchito ndi chitukuko chochuluka mwa anthu kudalira zambiri.

Malingaliro ndi zatsopano zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino

Mbiri yambiri ya chitukuko cha mayendedwe m'dziko lathuli ikuwonekera ku chikhalidwe chatsopano cha pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kusintha kwa Alexander II, yomwe inatsegula njira yopita ku maphunziro, kwa anthu a miyambo yosiyanasiyana. Chikhalidwe chatsopano, chomwe chimatchedwa intelligentsia, chapezeka m'dzikoli.

Iwo anali a anthu omwe analibe udindo wapamwamba pakati pa anthu, koma iwo anali ophunzira bwino ndipo, chifukwa cha maphunziro, iwo anali ndi makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, pakati pawo, kunyalanyaza mopitirira malire komanso kutsatira kwambiri malamulo a chikhalidwe chovomerezeka m'nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wakale kunayamba kuwonekera mwachidule.

Khalidwe la XIX la atumwi linaperekedwanso, mwazinthu zina, kutsatira mwatsatanetsatane mafashoni, omwe diamondi ndi golidi amapereka kwa mabango akale omwe anapangidwa ndi nyanga za njovu kapena thanthwe lofanana. Mdziko la azimayi, zinakhala bwino kuvala tsitsi lofiira pang'onopang'ono kukumbukira a heroines of the European revolutions omwe anathera moyo wawo pamtunda, womwe unadula tsitsi lawo lisanaphedwe. Zidakhalanso zapamwamba, motero zinakhala chimodzi mwa zofunikira za ulemu, kupiringa kapena kapu kakang'ono ka tsitsi lopanda tsitsi lomwe linkamangiriridwa pamodzi ndi nthiti zingapo.

Makhalidwe abwino m'dziko la opambana

Kodi mbiri yakale ikupitirirabe mu nthawi ya Soviet? Inde, ndithudi, koma izi zikuwonetseratu momveka bwino zochitika zoopsa ndi zochititsa chidwi za m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Zaka za Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe zinakankhira m'mbuyomu kukhalapo kwa anthu a dziko, omwe adakhazikitsa malamulo a kukoma mtima. Pamodzi ndi izi, osagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku komanso makhalidwe abwino. Kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane kunakhala chizindikiro cha kukhala wothandizana nawo-gulu lachikunja. Miyambo ya makhalidwe inatsogoleredwa ndi adiplomate okha ndi oimira akuluakulu, komabe nayonso nthawi zonse.

Nkhondo zitamaliza, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma 1900, dziko lokhala ndi moyo wodekha koma wandale linakhazikitsidwa, ambiri mwa anthu adathamangira ku mayunivesite, omwe panthawiyo anali otsika mtengo. Chifukwa cha chilakolako chotere cha chidziwitso, chikhalidwe chonse cha anthu chachuluka, ndipo ndicho chiwonjezero chofunika chotsatira njira zoyankhulirana.

Liwu loti "ulemu" silinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, koma aliyense amene amafuna kuti anthu ena aziwakomera mtima amayenera kutsatira malamulo ake. M'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, mawu angapo otetezeka, omwe amawunikira kuzinthu zina za moyo, alowa mwamphamvu. Mitu yonga "sichidzakupangitsani inu kukhala ovuta", "khalani okoma" kapena "musakane ulemu" yakhala khadi loitanira munthu aliyense wa chikhalidwe.

Zaka zomwezo, zovala za amuna zimakonda kukhala suti ndi shati yokhala ndi tayi, komanso azimayi - zovala zolimba, bulasi ndiketi pamunsi pa mawondo. Palibe zovala zogonana zololedwa. Mawu oti "mzanga" ndi kuwonjezera kwa dzina lachilendo analigwiritsidwa ntchito mofananamo pa mankhwala onse kwa amuna ndi akazi. Malamulo awa a "Soviet etiquette" sanaphunzitsidwe kusukulu, koma nzika zambiri siziziwona mosamalitsa.

Zizindikiro za khalidwe lakummawa

Zonse zomwe takambirana pamwambapa ndi mbiri ya ku Ulaya ya chikhalidwe kuyambira kale mpaka lero. Koma nkhaniyi idzakhala yosakwanira popanda kutchula momwe dera lino la chikhalidwe cha anthu linakhazikitsidwira m'mayiko akummawa. Zimadziwika kuti ambiri mwa iwo malamulo a chikhalidwe ndi maubwenzi ndi anthu ena amtundu wa anthu adapatsidwa ulemu wapatali. Izi zikuwonetseranso ndi miyambo yamasiku ano yomwe ilipo m'mayikowa ndi mbiri yawo yakale.

Chikhalidwe cha China ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zakale kwambiri za chikhalidwe chawo. Dynasties iliyonse yotsatirayi inasintha malamulo ake, ndikukhazikitsanso zofunikira kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yoyenera. Komabe, ngakhale kuti panali kusiyana, onse anali ndi zofanana.

Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka zonse zovala za Chingina ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi udindo wake ndi udindo wake pazinthu zogwirira ntchito. Zovalazo zinagawidwa bwino kwambiri ndi zomwe mfumu, olamulira a maulamuliro akuluakulu, atumiki, olemekezeka ndi zina zotero anali ndi ufulu kuvala. Makamaka anthu osauka sankayenera kuvala zomwe ankafuna, koma ankayenera kumvera malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa.

Gawo lirilonse la ndondomeko yamtunduwu linayanjananso ndi mutu wina, umene sunatengedwe ngakhale m'chipindamo. Tsitsi la anthu a ku China silinali wometa, koma linayikidwa muzokongoletsera zozizwitsa komanso kukhala chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Makhalidwe abwino a Korea, ndi mbiri yawo

Malingaliro a dziko lino ali ochuluka kwambiri mofanana ndi a Chitchaina, chifukwa maiko onsewa akhala akugwirizana kwambiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Chidziwitso makamaka ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha ndale yomwe inayamba muzaka za m'ma 2000, ambiri a ku China anasamukira ku Korea, akubweretsa nawo mbali yaikulu ya chikhalidwe chawo.

Maziko a malamulo a makhalidwe ndizofunikira kwa zipembedzo ziwiri, zomwe zimalankhula mu dziko - Confucianism ndi Buddhism. Amaphunzitsidwa m'mabungwe a maphunziro m'magulu onse, ndipo mwambo wawo umakhala wosamala.

Chikhalidwe chodziwika ndi khalidwe lachidziwitso ndilo kutha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe a munthu wachiwiri. Munthu wina wophunzira kwambiri ku Korea sanena konse za "iye" kapena "iye", ngakhale mwaulemu, ndipo mwaulemu amamutcha dzina lachibwana ndi kuwonjezera kwa "mbuye", "mbuye" kapena "mphunzitsi".

Mbali za khalidwe la anthu okhala m'dziko la Dzuwa lotuluka

Mbiri ya malamulo a chiyanjano ku Japan ndi maulendo ambiri okhudzana ndi malamulo a Bushido ("Njira ya Msilikali") yomwe inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma XII ndi XIII. Anatanthauzira makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe a gulu la asilikali, omwe anali olamulira mu boma. Pa maziko ake, m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, buku la sukulu linasindikizidwa, kufotokoza malamulo onse a khalidwe la munthu wophunzira m'mabanja komanso kunyumba.

Makhalidwe abwino amapereka chidwi chenicheni pa luso la kukambirana, ndipo kalembedwe ka chiyanjano chimadalira kotheratu za chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amatsutsana nawo. Kulakwitsa kolakwika kungayambitsike ndi mawu osayenerera, komanso mwachinyengo kusokoneza chilakolako cholepheretsa kukambirana. A Japan wophunzira nthawi zonse amadziwa momwe angapezere golideyo.

Zimanenedwa kuti n'zosayenerera kumvetsera mwakachetechete kwa interlocutor, mawu ake amafunika nthawi zina kuchepetsedwa ndi mizere yake. Apo ayi, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti zokambiranazo zilibe chidwi chilichonse. Kawirikawiri, mbiri ya chiyankhulo cha ku Japan ndi gawo lapadera la chiphunzitso, chomwe chimafuna kufufuza mosamala kwambiri.

Kukhazikitsanso chidwi pa chikhalidwe

Mu nthawi ya pambuyo pa Soviet, pamodzi ndi chitsitsimutso cha zinthu zakale zauzimu, miyambo ya khalidwe mmagulu ndi kuyankhulana kwa anthu adapeza moyo watsopano ku Russia. Chidwi chomwe chikuwonetsedwa m'mabukuwa chikuwonetsedwa ndi nkhani zomwe zikuwonjezeka muzofalitsa, zomwe zimafotokozedwa kuti ndi "Mbiri ya Etiquette." Kulongosola kwa opambana kwambiri kwa iwo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha dzikoli.