Armenia Kale: mbiri, masiku, chikhalidwe

Mbiri yakale ya Armenia siinakhale ya zaka chikwi, koma Aarmeniya anakhalako nthawi yaitali dziko lisanafike ku Ulaya. Iwo analipo asanakhaleko anthu akale - Aroma ndi Helleni.

Choyamba chimatchula

Mu ma cuneiform a olamulira a Persia dzina "Arminia" likupezeka. Herodotus amatchulanso "Armen" mu ntchito zake. Malingana ndi buku lina, iwo anali anthu a ku Indo-European omwe anasamuka ku Ulaya m'zaka za zana la 12. BC. E.

Phunziro lina linanena kuti mgwirizanowu wa ku Armenia unayambira koyamba ku Armenia Highlands ndi 4th-3rd Millennium BC. Iwo ali, monga akatswiri ena amanenera, anapeza mu ndakatulo "Iliad" ndi Homer pansi pa dzina lakuti "arima".

Mmodzi mwa mayina a ku Armenia - Wapamwamba, - malinga ndi zomwe asayansi amanena, amachokera ku dzina la "hayasy". Dzina limeneli latchulidwa pa matebulo a Ahiti mu dongo la 2,000 BC. E., anadziwika pa nthawi yomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anafufuza Hattushasa - likulu lakale la Ahiti.

Pali zambiri zomwe Asuri adatcha gawo ili dziko la mitsinje - Nairi. Malinga ndi lingaliro limodzi, ilo linali ndi anthu 60 osiyana.

Kumayambiriro kwa IX. BC. E. Ufumu wamphamvu wa Urartu uli ndi Van capital. Zimakhulupirira kuti uwu ndi boma lakale kwambiri m'madera a Soviet Union. Chitukuko cha Urartu, omwe adalowa m'malo mwawo anali Aarmeniya, adakula kwambiri. Panali chinenero cholembedwa chochokera ku Babuloia-cuneiform, ulimi, zoweta ng'ombe, zamalonda.

Urartu anali wotchuka chifukwa cha teknoloji yake yopanga zinyumba zosagonjetseka. Pa gawo la Yerevan yamakono panali awiri a iwo. Yoyamba - Erebuni, inamangidwa ndi mmodzi mwa mafumu oyambirira a Argishti. Ndi iye yemwe anatcha dzina la likulu lamakono la Armenia. Wachiŵiri, Teishebaini, unakhazikitsidwa ndi Tsar Rus II (685-645 BC). Ameneyu ndiye mtsogoleri womaliza wa Urartu. Boma silikanakhoza kulimbana ndi Asuri wamphamvuyo ndi kuwonongeka kwamuyaya kuchokera ku zida zake.

Icho chinalowetsedwa ndi dziko latsopano. Mafumu oyambirira a ku Armenia anali Yeruand ndi Tigran. Musasokoneze wotsutsa ndi Tigran Wamkulu, yemwe pambuyo pake adzawopsya Ufumu wa Roma ndikupanga ufumu waukulu Kummawa. Mtundu watsopano wawonekera, wopangidwa chifukwa cha kufanana kwa Indo-Europe ndi mafuko akale a hayami ndi urartu. Kuchokera apa kunabwera dziko latsopano - Armenia Kale ndi chikhalidwe chake, chinenero.

Atsogoleri a Aperisi

Panthawi ina Persia inali dziko lamphamvu. Anthu onse okhala ku Asia Minor anawamvera. Chimenechi chinafika ku ufumu wa Armenia. Ulamuliro wa Aperisi pamwamba pawo unatha zaka mazana awiri (550-330 BC).

Olemba mbiri Achigiriki za nthawi za Perisiya

Armenia ndi chitukuko chakale. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mbiri yakale yakale, mwachitsanzo, Xenophon mu V ku BC. E. Pokhala nawo mbali pa zochitikazo, wolemba wa Anabasis anafotokoza za kuchoka kwa Agiriki zikwi 10,000 ku Black Sea kudutsa m'dziko lotchedwa Armenia Ancient. Agiriki anawona zachuma, komanso moyo wa Armenian. Iwo kulikonse ankapeza tirigu, balere, vinyo onunkhira, mafuta a mafuta, mafuta osiyanasiyana - pistachio, sesame, amondi. Aheseya akale anawonanso apa zoumba, zipatso za capsicum. Kuwonjezera pa zogulitsa mbewu, Aarmeniya anabala nyama zoweta: mbuzi, ng'ombe, nkhumba, nkhuku, mahatchi. Dongosolo la Xenophon limauza anawo kuti anthu omwe amakhala kumalo ano anali olemera. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana kumakhala kochititsa chidwi. Anthu a ku Armenia sanangotulutsa chakudya chawo okha, komanso ankachita malonda ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo. Inde, Xenophon sananene kalikonse za izi, koma adalemba zinthu zina zomwe sizimakula m'deralo.

Strabo m'zaka za zana langa. N. E. Malipoti akuti kale ku Armenia kunali msipu wabwino kwambiri wa mahatchi. Dzikoli silinali lotsika kwa Mediya pankhaniyi ndipo amapereka mahatchi pachaka kwa Aperisi. Anena Strabo za ntchito za ma satraps a Armenia, abwanamkubwa a ulamuliro wa Perisiya, udindo wa kupereka ana pafupifupi ana zikwi ziwiri pofuna kulemekeza phwando lotchuka la Mitra.

Nkhondo za ku Armenia zakale

Wolemba mbiri Herodotus (zaka za m'ma 500 BC) adafotokoza asilikali a Armenia a nthawi imeneyo, zida zawo. Asilikari ankavala zikopa zing'onozing'ono, anali ndi mikondo yochepa, malupanga, miketi. Pamutu mwawo - helmetsu zamoto, iwo anali atavala nsapato zapamwamba.

Kugonjetsa kwa Armenia ndi Alexander Wamkulu

Nthaŵi ya Alexander Wamkulu inabwezeretsa mapu onse a Asia Minor ndi Mediterranean. Maiko onse a ufumu waukulu wa Perisiya anakhala mbali ya gulu latsopano la ndale pansi pa ulamuliro wa Makedoniya.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Alesandro Wamkulu, boma likuphwanyika. Kummawa, dziko la Seleucid limapangidwa. Pamene gawo limodzi la anthu ogwirizana linagawanika kukhala zigawo zitatu zosiyana m'dziko latsopano: Great Armenia, yomwe ili ku chigwa cha Ararati, Sophena - pakati pa Firate ndi kumtunda kwa Tigris ndi Lesser Armenia - pakati pa Firate ndi kumtunda kwa Lycos.

Mbiri yakale ya Armenia, ngakhale ikunena za kudalira nthawi zonse ku mayiko ena, ikuwonetsa kuti inali ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi ndondomeko yachilendo chabe, zomwe zinapindulitsa pa chitukuko cha dziko la mtsogolo. Chinali chifaniziro cha boma lodziimira lomwe lili ndi maufumu apamwamba.

Olamulira a ku Armenia ankatchedwa Basileus, mwachitsanzo,. Mafumu. Iwo adangokhala kudalira kwathunthu, kutumiza ku msonkho wapakati ndi asilikali mu nthawi ya nkhondo. Palibe kuyesa kuloŵera mkati mwa maonekedwe a Armenian anapangidwa ndi Aperesi kapena chikhalidwe cha Hellenistic cha Seleucids. Ngati oyamba adagwira pafupifupi madera awo akumidzi, ndiye olowa m'malo a Agiriki nthawi zonse anasintha njira ya mkati mwa anthu ogonjetsedwa, kuwapangitsa "chiwonetsero cha demokarasi" ndi dongosolo lapadera.

Kugawidwa kwa dziko la Seleucid, kugwirizana kwa Armenia

Atagonjetsedwa ndi a Seleucid a ku Rome, Aarmeniya adalandira ufulu wodzipereka. Roma anali asanayambe nkhondo itatha ndi Ahelene kuti ayambe kugonjetsa atsopano kwa anthu. Izi zisanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu osakwatira. Kuyesera kubwezeretsa mgwirizano wadziko unayamba, umene unkatchedwa "Armenia Ancient".

Wolamulira wa Great Armenia Artashes adadzitcha mfumu Artashes I. Yemwe adagwirizanitsa mayiko onse omwe amalankhula chinenero chimodzi, kuphatikizapo Little Armenia. Malo otsiriza a Sophena anakhala gawo la dziko latsopano pambuyo pake, zaka 70 kenako, ndi wolamulira wotchuka Tigran Wamkulu.

Mapeto omaliza a dziko la Armenia

Zimakhulupirira kuti ndi mzera watsopanowu Artashesidov, mbiri yakale inachitika - kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko la Armenia ndi chilankhulidwe chawo ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Iwo ankakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu a m'midzi ya Agiriki. Ndalama za ndalama zawo zomwe analemba ndi zilembo za Chigiriki zinalongosola za mphamvu yakukhala pafupi ndi chikhalidwe ndi malonda.

Artashat - likulu la dziko lakale Great Armenia

Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa mafumu a Artashesid, mizinda ikuluikulu yoyamba ikuwonekera. Mwa iwo - mzinda wa Artashat, womwe unakhala likulu loyamba la dziko latsopano. M'chi Greek, zikutanthauza "chisangalalo cha Artaxia".

Likulu latsopanoli linali ndi malo abwino kwambiri m'nthaŵi imeneyo. Anali pamsewu wopita ku madoko a Black Sea. Nthawi yomwe mzindawu unkawonekera ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubale wamalonda wa Asia ndi India ndi China. Artashat anayamba kukhala ndi malo akuluakulu azachuma ndi ndale. Plutarch anawunika kwambiri ntchito ya mzinda uno. Anamupatsa udindo wa "Carthage wa Armenia", umene umatanthawuza mzinda womwe umagwirizanitsa mayiko onse oyandikana nawo. Mphamvu zonse za Mediterranean zinkadziwa za kukongola ndi kukongola kwa Artashat.

Ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Armenia

Mbiri ya Armenia kuyambira nthawi yakale ili ndi mphindi zamphamvu za dziko lino. Tigran Wamkulu (ulamuliro wa 95-55 gg) ndi mdzukulu wa chiyambi cha mafumu otchuka Artashes I. Mkulu wa dzikoli ndi Tigranakert. Mzinda uwu wakhala umodzi wa malo opambana a sayansi, mabuku ndi luso la dziko lonse lakale. Ojambula okongola kwambiri achi Greek akuchitidwa ku zisudzo zakutchire, asayansi otchuka ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale anali alendo ambiri a Tigran Wamkulu. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi katswiri wafilosofi, dzina lake Metrodor, yemwe anali wolimba kwambiri pa Ufumu wa Roma umene ukuwonjezeka.

Armenia anakhala mbali ya dziko la Agiriki. Chigriki chinalowera pamwamba pamwamba.

Armenia ndi gawo lapadera la chikhalidwe cha Ahelene

Armenia mu I ku BC. E. - mkhalidwe wapamwamba kwambiri wa dziko. Anatenga zonse zabwino zomwe zinali padziko lapansi - chikhalidwe, sayansi, luso. Tigran Wamkulu ndi malo opangira zisudzo ndi masukulu. Armenia sinali chikhalidwe chokha cha Hellenism, komanso chikhalidwe cholimba chachuma. Malonda, mafakitale, zojambulajambula zinakula. Mbali yapadera ya boma ndikuti siidatenge dongosolo la ukapolo lomwe Agiriki ndi Aroma adagwiritsa ntchito. Maiko onse adalimidwa ndi anthu osauka, omwe mamembala awo anali mfulu.

Armenia Tigran the Great yayambira m'madera ambiri. Uwu unali ufumu umene unaphimba gawo lalikulu la Near East kuchokera ku Caspian kupita ku Mediterranean. Odzipereka ake akhala anthu ambiri ndipo akuti: kumpoto - Siberia, Iberia, kum'mwera chakum'mawa - Parthia ndi mafuko Achiarabu.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Roma, kutha kwa Ufumu wa Armenia

Kuwonjezeka kwa dziko la Armenia kunagwirizana ndi kukula kwa dziko lina la kum'maŵa kumadera omwe kale anali USSR - Pontasi, motsogoleredwa ndi Mitridat. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yaitali ndi Roma, Pontasi nayenso sanadzipange yekha. Armenia inali paubwenzi woyandikana ndi Mithridates. Atagonjetsedwa, adakhala yekha ndi Roma wamphamvu.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo zapitazo, Ufumu wa Armenia wokhudzana ndi zaka 69-66. BC. E. Gwedezani. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Tigran kumeneko anangokhala kokha Armenia Wamkulu, yomwe inanenedwanso kuti "bwenzi ndi alongo" a ku Roma. Amatcha mayiko onse ogonjetsedwa. Ndipotu, dzikoli lasanduka gawo lina.

Atalowa mu Ufumu wa Roma, malo oyamba a dziko lapansi ayamba. Dzikoli linasokonezeka, nthaka zake zinali zoyenera ndi mayiko ena, ndipo anthu ammudzimo ankatsutsana.

Chilembo cha chi Armenia

M'nthaŵi zakale, Aarmeniya ankagwiritsa ntchito kulemba pamaziko a zolemba za cuneiform za ku Babulo. Panthawi ya Armenia, panthawi ya Tigran Wamkulu, dzikoli likudutsa pa Chigriki potsatira malonda. Pakati pa ndalama, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amapeza zolemba zachi Greek.

Zilembo za Chi Armenia zinapangidwa ndi Ma Mashti a Mesrop mochedwa - mu 405. Pachiyambi ilo linali ndi makalata 36: ma voli 7 ndi ma consonants 29.

Maonekedwe akuluakulu 4 a kalata ya Armenian - erckatagir, bolorgir, shhagir ndi kuwonjezera - imangopanga zaka za m'ma Middle Ages.