Malamulo a Chinjoka ku Atene. Kufotokozera kawirikawiri malamulo a Chigawenga

Chinjoka, kapena Dragonk, ndi mtsogoleri wa ku Atene omwe malamulo ake okhwima kwambiri amachititsa kuti mapiko oterewa awonongeke ngati "ziwonongeko," zomwe zikutanthauza kulangidwa koopsa kwambiri komwe kumathandiza kulimbikitsa boma pofotokozera momveka bwino malamulo ake oyambirira.

Archaic judiciary system

Monga mukudziwira, anthu okhala ku Attica (malo omwe Atene analipo) m'zaka za VII. BC. E. Anapitirizabe kuchita mogwirizana ndi malamulo akale kwambiri. Malingaliro awo kwa munthu wamakono angaoneke ngati achinyengo kwambiri. Panthawi imeneyo, boma la tsarist lidawoneka kale, choncho polisiyi idayikidwa ndi mafumu kapena archons, omwe anasankhidwa pakati pa anthu otchuka kwambiri.

Ndipotu, Atene nthawi imeneyo ankathamanga ndi anthu 9 okha. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali mtsogoleri wamatsenga-munthu woyamba mu ndondomeko, archon-basiley anafotokoza nkhani zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo, mkulu wa akuluakulu a boma anali woyang'anira zankhondo, ndipo otsala asanu ndi limodzi omwe adayang'anitsa akuluakulu a mzindawo ndikuyang'anira kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo ndi ntchito za khoti.

Mavuto a Cilon

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 700. BC. E. Chiwerengero cha anthu a Atene chinayamba kumvetsetsa kuti chilamulo chomwe chimakhalapo chiyenera kusinthidwa mwamsanga. Chifukwa choyamba chomwe chinapangitsa boma kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yamilandu chinali nthawi yovuta yomwe inkafuna chilango choopsa chifukwa cha kusokoneza katundu payekha, ndipo chachiwiri - kusakhutira kwa anthu, chifukwa cha kukangana komwe kunakhazikitsidwa ndi oweruza achilungamo omwe amatanthauzira malamulo momwe akufunira.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zinafulumira kwambiri kulembedwa kwa malamulo atsopano a chiweruzo anali otchedwa Kilonovskaya Troubles. Zimakhulupirira kuti kwinakwake pakati pa 636 ndi 624 BC. E. Aristocrat Colon anayesera kutenga mphamvu mu ndondomekoyi ndi mphamvu, koma palibe chomwe chinabwerapo, popeza adaletsedwa ndi anthu a m'banja lolemekezeka la Alkmeonids. Chilango chawo chinali choipa kwambiri moti opandukawo, ngakhale kubisala kumbuyo kwa maguwa a milungu, anaphedwa mwamsanga. Kuwongolera koteroko kwa olemekezeka ndi kutayidwa kwa zida zopsereza kunakwiyitsa A Atene kuti iwo ankatemberera Alkmeonids onse.

Malamulo atsopano

Pambuyo pa chiwembu cha Cilon, chomwe ngati chipambano chingawononge mphamvu za olamulira ankhanza, a Eupatridians adakakamizika kuti achite zinthu zina za boma. Nchifukwa chake lamulo la Athene linasankhidwa kuti likhale lokonzekera. Ntchitoyi inapatsidwa kwa mmodzi mwa akuluakulu asanu ndi awiri a fessofetov. Chisankho chinagwera Drakont, popeza anali ndi ulemu waukulu pakati pa anthu ndipo anali munthu wachangu komanso wochenjera. Anamaliza ntchito yonse yofunikira mu 621 BC. E. Ndipo chifukwa chake, malamulo a Chinjoka anawonekera.

Mpaka pano, akukhulupirira kuti chikalata ichi chinali lamulo loyamba la malamulo lolembedwa m'dera la Athens. Ngakhale mawu awa ali ovuta kwambiri. Zingakhale zolondola kunena za malamulo oyambirira olembedwa mpaka lero, monga momwe malamulo aliwonse amangobwereza zikhalidwe zomwe kale zinalipo kale. Chitsanzo pa nkhaniyi chingakhale chonenedwa cha Aristotle, chomwe cha m'ma 80s a zaka zomwezo a archon-fetmophytes anali atagwira ntchito yomweyo.

Kufotokozera kawirikawiri malamulo a Chigawenga

Kupindula kwakukulu kwa miyambo yowonjezereka inali ntchito yodziwikiratu bwino ya akuluakulu, komanso mfundo ndi ndondomeko ya chisankho chawo ku malo otsogolera. Ngakhale kuti malamulo a Chigawenga anali ndi nkhani zina zokhudza ndale za boma, sizinali zofunikira pamsonkhanowu, zomwe zimatchulidwanso ndi "Customs".

Maziko a malamulo atsopanowa adakonzedwa bwino kuti adzalangidwa chifukwa cha zolakwa zosiyanasiyana. Malamulo ena a chinjoka, mosakayikira, amawoneka kuti ndi achiwawa mopanda pake. Tengani zolakwika zolakwika monga kuba zipatso kapena ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo ndithudi kwa iye chinali chilango cha imfa! Koma kupha kwa wakuba, kudzipangira yekha kudzitetezera kapena kubwezeretsa katundu wake, sikunali kuphwanya konse. Chilango cha imfa chimadalira pa kupha, kuwomba ndi kuwonongedwa kwa kachisi. Chinjokacho chinaperekanso malamulo otero, omwe amawoneka opanda pake, - chilango cha kupha zinthu zopanda moyo.

Zolemba zamakono mu lamulo lachigawenga

Monga mukudziwira, malamulo a chinjoka akuwonetseratu chitukuko chomwe chinkachitika pa nthawiyo mu gulu la Athene. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, panali kugawidwa momveka bwino kwa akupha kuti aphedwe, akukonzekera ndi kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuteteza. Mwapadera, milandu yokhudzana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa moyo kwa onyenga a alongo, akazi, ana awo ndi amayi ndi omwe amalingaliridwa. M'gulu lomweli, palinso kuphana komwe kunkachitika pa masewera a masewera, komanso chifukwa cha ngozi zosiyanasiyana.

Ufulu wa Archeopagus unali kulingalira za milandu yokha yokha, yomwe imaphatikizapo nsembe zaumunthu. Chilango cha kupha koteroko chinali chilango cha imfa. Makoloni apadera osadzimvera, opangidwa ndi efetes, omwe zaka zawo zidapitirira zaka 50, adagwiridwa. Kupha mwadzidzidzi kaŵirikaŵiri kunali kulangidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa wolakwira. Mitundu yambiri ya ndalama, mwachitsanzo ng'ombe, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nzika zomwe zinachita milandu yambiri.

Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti malamulo a chigawenga ku Atene anali ogwira ntchito ndipo makamaka cholinga chawo chinali kuthana ndi chizoloŵezi cha magazi nthawi imeneyo , popeza chinali choletsedwa kukonzanso lynchings. Pachifukwa ichi, udindo wa kuphedwa unangokhala pa yemwe adachita, osati pa banja lonse, monga kale. Kuphatikizanso apo, munthu amene adalimbikitsa kupha adapatsidwa chilango.

Meaning

Ovomerezedwa ndi anthu a Athene, malamulo a Chigawenga, makhalidwe omwe anaperekedwa pamwambapa, akuwonetseratu kuti adafuna kuthetseratu miyambo yachibadwidwe yowonongeka ndi kuwonetsera mmoyo wawo njira zatsopano zogwirizanirana ndi boma.

Ngakhale kuti malamulowa ndi ovuta kwambiri, kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a chi Greek kunapitabe patsogolo. Popeza kulembedwa kwa malamulo atsopano, olemekezeka omwe akhala pamakhoti anali ochepa mwazochita zawo ndi malamulo olembedwa bwino, omwe angayesedwe mosavuta.

Sakanizani

Olemba mbiri ambiri amanena kuti malamulo onse a chinjoka ankagwira ntchito m'gawoli kufikira 594 BC. E., mpaka kukonzanso kwake sikukuchitika ndi Solon - wachifumu wa Athene ndi wamalonda wolemera. Anathetsa malamulo ambiri omwe adakhazikitsidwa mu 621 BC. Komabe, adawasiya omwe ankadzidzimangira ndi kudzipha. Ndiyenela kudziŵa kuti chinjokacho, ngakhale malamulo ake okhwima, anali kulemekezedwa kwambiri kale, ndipo dzina lake tsopano likuyimira pamodzi ndi olamulira abwino padziko lonse lapansi.