Wapadera thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa madzi

"Mu kusamba ndi anthunzi otulutsirako thukuta, nthawi zonse ndipo kulikonse - ulemerero wosatha wa madzi!" - ndakatulo zimenezi Korney Chukovsky kuyambira ubwana wake. Madzi uli ponseponse. Thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa madzi ndi wapadera ndipo izi si mawu opanda pake. Kuwonjezera pa zimakhudza miyoyo ya chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo (ife tonse wapangidwa ndi madzi), magawo a nyengo, masoka nyengo kusintha pamwamba zimachititsa chilumbachi dziko lapansi amaganizira ndi madzi. oundana akubwera kuchokera m'masiku otsiriza Ice Age anapanga contours Ulaya watsopano. Mafunde a m'nyanja zimakhudza kutentha m'maiko onse.

Aliyense akudziwa kuti madzi kukhala madzi - madzi wokha, olimba - ayezi, ndi gaseous boma - nthunzi. Monga Ndipotu izi si zachilendo. Special thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa madzi, mosiyana ndi khalidwe la zinthu zina mankhwala, zimakhudza kwambiri njira zimene zimachitika padziko lapansi.

Ngati tiyang'ana pa mbiri, ife tisakwanisa kuona chitsanzo chidwi. Medieval asayansi ayesa kupanga golide zitsulo zosiyana, ndipo kwambiri katundu zitsulo nthawi ankaphunzira, koma katundu chodabwitsa ya madzi chidwi posachedwapa.

zaka 200 zapitazo anthu ankakhulupirira kuti madzi imakhala ndi umodzi mchitidwe mankhwala, mankhwala pawiri si hydrogen ndi oxygen. Anthu alipo kale kumanga opangira magetsi mphamvu okwerera, sitima, sitima, madzi mphamvu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndi kapangidwe ka madzi wakhala anaphunzira pang'ono kwambiri. 80 zokha zapitazo yogwirizana madzi isotopic kuti chatsegulidwa.

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane za thupi katundu ndi mankhwala a madzi. Kuwonjezera tinthu yosavuta H2O - hydrologo kwa anthu mu madzi anapanga digidroli (H2O) 2 ndi trigidroli (H2O) 3. Kusiyana mankhwala awa ndi aliyense wa iwo lili awiri kapena atatu mamolekyulu madzi. Pa chikhalidwe cha madzi amadalira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala awa mmenemo.

Pamene madzi kutentha mlingo kusintha amasintha iliyonse molekyulu za kayendedwe, choncho kusintha mtunda pakati mamolekyulu ndi kuchuluka zili aggregates zosiyanasiyana. nthunzi imakhala makamaka a hydrological, ichi ndi chifukwa chakuchedwa kayendedwe mkulu wa mamolekyulu mu boma nthunzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kupanga dongosolo onenepa. Ice M'malo mwake, makamaka limapangidwa trigidroli (60%), tinganene kuti hydrologo pafupifupi ayi. The madzi mu kapangidwe kake ali yense wa mayunitsi, koma chimakhala chogwidwa ndi digidroli.

Madzi mbali ya dongosolo la kwambiri bwanji kachulukidwe ake limati osiyana. Ice kachulukidwe zosakwana osalimba a madzi. Choncho, ayezi limapezeka padziko matupi a padziko lapansi. Anthu a nyanja ndi mtsinje kuya musati amaundana, amaziteteza ku ozizira nkhungu wosanjikiza ayezi.

Madzi ndi zosungunulira konsekonse. The zonse dielectric limafotokoza luso la chinthu chilichonse kupasuka, ndi madzi mtengo uwu kangapo kuposa wa zingalowe, osati kutchula mpweya. Madzi mu maonekedwe ake kopambana sapezeka m'chilengedwe, nyanja kale anapeza kugwirizana oposa 80 pa madzi ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za dongosolo nthawi. Choncho, madzi amatanthauza maziko a moyo padziko lathuli.

Nthawi zambiri, akukhulupirira kuti solubility - ndi chuma cha madzi, chifukwa chimene ife kumwa. Solubility amathandiza mwamsanga kuchotsa thupi la zinyalala ndi zinthu zobwezerezedwanso ndipo nthawi yomweyo kumakuthandizani kupulumutsa zofunika ziwalo zosiyanasiyana.

Koma mu nkhani iyi anaiwala za mphamvu kutentha. chakuti otsika kutentha kwa madzi imagwera pa kutentha pa 37 digiri Celsius. Ndipo osachepera mndandanda mowa kutentha mphamvu Kusintha kochepa, kutanthauza kuti kutentha ndi zofunika kwambiri nyama magazi ofunda ndi munthu. Izi thupi katundu ndi mankhwala a madzi kukhudzanso pa moyo wa aliyense. Ngati thupi si madzi okwanira, munthu umayambira aulesi, angaone chizungulire, njira kunachitika mu thupi kubweza pansi. Choncho, nthawi zambiri zokwanira kumwa chikho cha madzi ayambanso kuona mawonekedwe.