Pragmatism mu nzeru (W. James, Charles Peirce, John Dewey)

Pragmatism nzeru za mu 70 ntchentche za m'ma XIX, lingaliro yaikulu ya otaya anali opangidwa ndi Charles Pierce. Pragmatists ankakhulupirira kuti ndi anzeru mokwanira kusintha, kusiya mfundo zake zikuluzikulu ndi mtima kugwiritsa ntchito njira zawo kuchita zinthu ndi moyo. Ganizo chachikulu otaya wa - maganizo othandiza kwa moyo wa munthu aliyense payekha. Pragmatism nthanthi Mwachidule, amapereka ataye nthawi kuthetsa mavuto ongolankhula kuti ndiribe kanthu kochita ndi chowonadi, ndipo kungofuna anthu, mavuto mwamsanga ndi kuona zonse pamaso pa kupindula nako. Monga tanena, woyambitsa wa gululi anali Charlz Pirs. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti chiphunzitso chake nthanthi Sichikupezeka basi kwa pragmatism ndi kulungamitsidwa ake. Pearce limanena kuti maganizo n'kofunika pongofuna yopanga zikhulupiriro zisathe, kuti ali wofunitsitsa sadziwa kuchita zinthu zina mwanjira iliyonse. Chidziwitso mu nzeru wake - izi si kusintha kwa umbuli chidziwitso, ndi kayendedwe ka kukaikira ndi chikhulupiriro cholimba. Pearce amakhulupirira kuti chikhulupiriro ndi zoona kukachitika kuti chinthu ofotokoza chifukwa mu mzere lolingana pansi. Otchedwa "mfundo Peirce" amasonyeza pragmatism onse nzeru, lonse akamanena za anthu maganizo otopa weniweni zotsatira (zothandiza) kuti akhoza mwaphunzirazi. Komanso ku Pierce ZOCHITA namtsata ndi mfundo zitatu za malo:

• Kuganiza ndi kupeza akhutitse zotengera malingaliridwe maganizo;
• choonadi - izi ndi zimene amaonetsa mawonekedwe a Chifukwa yothandiza;
• zinthu - mndandanda wa zotsatira zopindulitsa.

Uilyam Dzheyms, wotsatira mfundo za Peirce limanena kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi nzeru zake. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti ambiri amaganiza, ndi maganizo uliwonse wa njira yake, ndi akaphatikiza zonse izi zotsatira njira polenga lingaliro chimaphunzitsa n'zofunika a dziko. Choonadi - ndi zinthu zambiri abwino vuto makamaka mu moyo, ndipo ambiri mogwirizana ndi zimene zinachitikira aliyense. Pragmatism nzeru James kumachititsanso pa maganizo a choonadi chinachake kukhala chimake othandiza. amagwira wake wotchuka: "Choonadi - ndi ngongole limene lilipobe okha nthaŵi zina."

Modern Western nzeru pragmatism Dzhona Dyui ankaona ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chiphunzitso cha malo onse US. Dewey ankanena kuti nzeru amalenga demokalase. Iye anayamba chiphunzitso cha kafukufuku wa sayansi, koma sayansi anaphunzitsa - njira imene anthu kuchitapo kanthu kwambiri. kudziwa cholinga cha dziko n'zosatheka. Cognition - ndi yogwira alowererepo ya nkhaniyi mu ndondomeko kafukufuku, kuyesa ndi chinthu. Maganizo ntchito pothetsa mavuto mabvuto. Zenizeni analengedwa mu ndondomeko ya kafukufuku wa sayansi. mankhwala osiyanasiyana a ntchito za anthu (malamulo, mfundo) susonyeza zenizeni ndi kutumikira kupereka ubwino pa nkhani ina.