Chibadwidwe ndi zomveka nzeru ndi luntha epistemology

Anatinso kudziŵa anamvetsa monga ndondomeko ya mogwirizana kwa nkhani chinthu, chomwe chimathandiza kuona zomwe zili zenizeni - kutanthauza chakuti n'kutheka ndipo adzakhala. Chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe cha ndondomekoyi tinganene kuti yamaula Tiresias chithunzi cha "Odyssey". Mu kuphunzira mtundu umenewu anthu pali mmodzi wa antinomy chachikulu: ndi malumikizanidwe pakati cognition kwenikweni ndi zomveka. Paliponse ndi vutoli zowonetseredwa ndi Nietzsche: iye sankafuna zochitika monga komvetsa chisoni ndi Socratic, Apollonian ndi Dionysian. Kumaonekanso ndi atasemphana ndi Lva Shestova monga kusiyana "Athens" ndipo "Yerusalemu." Mbiri yonse ya nzeru ndi chinamulowerera ndi chitsutso pakati discursive ndi mwachilengedwe, ndi kuyesera kuphatikiza iwo mu chinachake lonse.

Language nzeru nthawi zambiri multilayer, choncho mu "Kulingalira" chiphunzitso ndi "zomveka" kudziwa zinthu kusiyanitsa matanthauzo ambiri. Pansi chiŵerengero amatanthauza kulingalira, kugwirizana ndi mitundu ina, formulations anakonzeratu (zachikunja, zigamulo, matanthauzo, axioms). Izi maganizo zambiri mawunikidwe, imagwilitsila inductive ndi njira deductive. Monga ulamuliro, zomveka view kudziwa dziko anachita kwa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe, iye amasankha njira yakumvetsetsa bwino cilamulo ndi discursive, kupambana chachikulu ndi mndandanda wa njira ndi mitundu, amene mfundo za kafukufuku wa sayansi. Komabe, nzeru za masiku ano, monga Feyerabend limati pali mitundu ingapo ya rationality.

Imalandira maganizo ndi mosiyanasiyana, monga kumverera ndi maganizo a ntchito, advantageously pamodzi chodabwitsa maldistribution. Chimodzi mwa zigawo zake ndi zopanda nzeru, womwe lagawidwa ndi anachita zachibadwa kwa dziko (zikhoza kukhala nkhani ya kafukufuku) ndi ena mdima, tanthauzo, malingaliro zikhumbo ankatsutsa. Kenako anakomoka (subliminal) woimira malo Makamaka, zochitika zosiyanasiyana kuti asakumane kumvetsa. Wake woyamba divined kuli Leibniz, amene amatchedwa kuti "mdima maganizo." Ndiye kuti zodabwitsazi tinatembenuka ndi Romantics German, kungoganizira ndi gwero wachibadwa wa zilandiridwenso. Malinga Freud, ndi amphamvu, akaniza chikumbumtima mphamvu yomwe mungayesere kulamulira mothandizidwa ndi psychoanalysis.

Chibadwidwe ndi zomveka chidziwitso, kusanthula ndi kumvetsetsa chokhudzana ndi kufufuza mfundo ngati chidwi mwachilengedwe. Pali mitundu yambiri ya yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, amene angathe kupempha kulingalira, kapena salowa naye. Pali heuristics zomveka - ndi mtundu wa nzeru, pamene choonadi unaululidwa nkhaniyi si pang'onopang'ono koma zonse mwadzidzidzi, yomweyo. Njira ya podziwa, kunachitika monga mwayi otchedwa yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale aluntha, ndi sayansi kuzindikira (kuzindikira) - ndi mchitidwe njira zomveka kuti kuphunzira vuto. Ndipotu, ndi mtundu winanso wa nzeru zomveka. Ndi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, kumvetsetsa ndi chitsanzo luso la kumvetsa dziko, ena kuposa sayansi, ndi njira umunthuwo, ndipo ngakhale mtundu winawake wa mfundo (ku mawonedwe a Husserl ndi Scheler, iwo anazindikira osati mwa malingaliro, ndi zokhudza chikondi kapena chidani Mwachitsanzo, mbali yapadera).

Malinga nthawi, malo a zochita, wafilosofi makamaka, alipo mfundo zosiyanasiyana kulungamitsa mmene correlate cognition kwenikweni ndi zomveka. Komabe, ambiri, iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu - 1) lingaliro, amene anena kuti izi mitundu iwiri ya ntchito maganizo kwathunthu negate mzake; 2) chiphunzitso, osati kutsutsidwa, komanso delimiting kuchuluka kwawo, ndi 3) chiphunzitso, kuyesera kupeza umodzi likamanena onse a chidziwitso, komanso zimene mungachite kuti zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi kusakanikirana. mugawo ili ndi khalidwe la nzeru za chikhalidwe, pamene tikuona kuti otsutsa onse mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi moyo ndi mzimu, zinachitikira ndi kusinkhasinkha, ndi Eidos Logo, amalingalira ndi mfundo mtima ndi mutu, ndipo pofuna kuchepetsa nawo chimodzi chimene.