Chida cha ngalawa: chithunzi, dzina, miyeso

Nkhumba ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa sitimayo, yomwe ili pamtunda. Ntchito yake yeniyeni ndikutumikira monga maziko othandizira stengh, zopuma (zigawo za spar), komanso kuthandizira zombo. Ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe mungatiuze za masts a sitimayo? Mudzaphunzira zambiri zothandiza komanso zosangalatsa powerenga nkhaniyi.

Kutalika kwa masts a sitima, chiwerengero chawo

Malinga ndi cholinga cha masts oyendetsa sitimayo ali osiyana siyana. Ena amafika mamita 60 ndi mamita okwanira 1.

Ndipo ndi mast angati alipo? Chiwerengero chawo chimadalira kukula kwa chotengera. Kutalika kwa chitukuko ndi mzizi wa mizzen kumadalira mwachindunji kutalika kwa chinthu chachikulu. Kotero, yoyamba ndi 8 \ 9 ya zigawo zake, ndipo yachiwiri ndi 6 \ 7. Izi sizingakhale zofunika kwa zombo zonse. Iwo amadalira zokhumba za opanga ndi omanga.

Pamene chinthu chachikulu chidawerengedwa motere. Zinali zofunikira kuwonjezera kutalika kwa sitimayi ya pansi ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, kugawa ndalama zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi awiri. Chiwerengero ichi ndi kutalika kwa mtengo wa sitima.

Kumayambiriro kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga, dongosololi linaphatikizapo kamodzi kokha ndi sitima imodzi. Patapita nthawi, chitukuko chafika pofika pa zombo mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Chinthu chofala kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa sitimayo ndi katatu kowongoka ndi kamodzi kakang'ono.

Dzina la masts a sitimayo

Malo a sitima pa sitimayo imatchula dzina lake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tiganizira chombo chokhala ndi zida zitatu, zimakhala zomveka bwino kuti mbozi, yomwe imayambira pamphuno, imatchedwa "kutsogolo".

Chotsatira chachikulu chachikulu ndicho chachikulu. Ndipo wamng'ono kwambiri amatchedwa "mizzen-mast". Ngati pali ziwiri zokha, ndiye kuti zazikulu ndi zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri.

Mtsinje wocheka pa uta wa sitima umatchedwa "bowsprit". Pa sitimayi zakale zinkakhala 36⁰, tsopano ndi 20 . Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuonetsetsa kuti sitimayo ikuyenda bwino kwambiri. Izi zimatheka chifukwa chakuti kupita patsogolo kunapangidwa maulendo apadera atatu.

Ngati pali masititi oposa atatu m'chombo, ndiye kuti onse omwe akutsatira chithunzichi adzalandiridwa ngati grotto yoyamba, 2 grotto, ndi zina zotero.

Makhalidwe ndi zipangizo zomangamanga

Kaŵirikaŵiri masts a sitimayo (zithunzi za mtundu wawo omwe muli nawo mwayi wakuwona mu nkhani) zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zigawo zomwe zimapitilizana. Maziko ake amatchedwa mast, ndipo mbali zake zikuluzikulu ndi mast. Mbali yakumtunda ya mtengowu ili ndi "pamwamba".

Sitima yaing'ono imakhala ndi maboti opangidwa ndi mtengo umodzi (mtengo umodzi), ndipo ziwiya zazikulu zili ndi zigawo zitatu. Iwo akhoza kusokonezeka ngati kuli kofunikira.

Zinthu zomwe amapangira ndizitsulo kapena zitsulo. Metal (zitsulo kapena zitsulo zamoto) zimapanga mapaipi omwe pambuyo pake amakhala maboti m'chombo.

Kodi ndi mtengo wanji umene sitima zapamadzi zimapangidwira? Izi ndi izi:

• Spruce.
• Larch.
• Mayi.
• Pinia.
• Pini yamadzimadzi, ndi zina zotero.

Mitengo iyenera kukhala yowala komanso yotentha.

Zolemba zina zosiyana

Poyambirira, masts anali osiyana ndi malo awo m'chombo:

• Mphuno.
• Avereji.
• Tsambani.

Cholinga chogwiritsira ntchito chithunzichi chili pamtima pa chigawenga chake mwa:

• Chizindikiro. Ichi ndi misa wapadera yonyamula zizindikiro, mbendera, magetsi kapena kuika ma antenn.
• Kutumiza katundu. Lili ndi njira yapadera yothetsera vutoli. Koma, ngati kuli kotheka, ikhoza kugwira ntchito zomwezo monga chizindikiro chowonetsera.
• Special. Awa ndi masts omwe amapangidwa kuti apange cholinga chenicheni.

Malingana ndi kamangidwe kameneka, masts a sitimayo amagawanika:

• Osakwatira. Mabokosi osungira madzi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga zombo zazing'ono, komanso ngalawa zothandizira. Iwo ali a mitundu iwiri, chidutswa chimodzi ndi chidutswa chimodzi.
• Trenogie. Amakhala ndi mapaipi atatu achitsulo.
• Zilonda zinayi. Chitsulocho chili ndi mapepala achitsulo pamutu.
• Wokongola. Zomangidwe malo zimayikidwa mu tiers. Zapangidwa kuti ziziyang'anira ndi kutumiza zolemba.

Malo apamwamba pa sitima ndi pamtunda

Kufalikira kwa kuyenda kumapereka gawo lalikulu la chakudya kwa malingaliro kwa omanga. Ndikofunika kuyika bwino sitima pamsana. Izi ndizofunikira kuti sitimayo ikhale yogwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta. Kupititsa patsogolo pang'onopang'ono kunachititsa kuti pakhale malamulo ena.

Pakatikati mwa mapeto a masts amatsimikiza kwambiri. Mzere umayambira pa sitimayi, sitima yoyamba imayikidwa 1/9 ya kutalika kwake, yachiwiri - mpaka 5 \ 9, yachitatu - mpaka 17 \ 20. Miyeso imeneyi siinayende panthawi yomanga sitima zamalonda. Sitima za ku France zogwiritsa ntchito sitima zapamwamba zinali ndi gawo limodzi la ngalawa, chiwerengerocho chinkachitika, kuyambira pa uta.

Mphepete mwachitsulo inali yosiyana, sitimayo zinayenda bwino kwambiri ndi masts akuyang'ana kutsogolo, ena kubwerera. Sitima zazing'ono, koma zazikulu zinamangidwa ndi masts omwe ali pafupi ndi pakati, akubwezeretsanso. Ndipo patapita nthaŵi yaitali, mawonekedwe ofunikawo anaikidwa, monga ankakhulupirira kuti paulendowu, ndikumenyana kwambiri ndi mphepo, mbozi ikhoza kusweka.

Chifukwa chiyani masts amafunikira pa ngalawa

Lero pa masts kukhazikitsa:

• Antennas.
• Kuwala kwa ngalawa.
• Zizindikiro.
• Kulankhulana.
• Flags.
• Zofunikirako zofunika (ngati sitima ndi katundu).

Koma ngakhale izi, cholinga chofunikira kwambiri cha masts ndicho kupereka chithandizo cha sitima za sitimayo. Zina zonse zili ndi mbali.

Kuyika masts pa zombo

Kodi masts amanyamula bwanji zombo? Masiti osakwatiwa kuti atetezedwe kupyola mu dzenje pamtunda wapamwamba ndipo spurs (pansi pamtunda) ali welded ku sitimayo kapena pansi pake. Chingwe chomwe chimagwirizanitsa chithunzicho kumbaliyi chimatchedwa mnyamata. Mbali ya kutsogolo kwa mbozi imathandizidwa ndi njira zamagetsi, ndipo kuchokera kumbuyo kumbali imathandizidwa ndi buckthags. The bowsprit yakhazikika ndi madzi apadera amadzi opangidwa ndi zingwe zamphamvu. Tsopano zingwe zimasinthidwa ndi unyolo.

Chitsulo cha ngalawa chimayikidwa pamphepete mwachitsulo kapena chimadutsa pamtunda ndikukhazikika ku keel. Mkuluwu tsopano ulizikika pazitsulo zapadera za padenga padenga. Njira yokonzekerayi ili ndi mbali zabwino:

1. Danga mkatikati mwa nyumbayi ndi laulere, silimasokoneza kayendetsedwe kake.
2. Ngati pangochitika ngozi, mast, yomwe imayikidwa pamphepete, sidzachotsa chivundikirocho, koma imangogwera pansi.
3. Kuyika pamwamba pa sitima kumaphatikizapo zina zowonjezera - pamene kuchotsa izo n'zosavuta kuchotsa. Pamene mbolayi, yokhazikika pamtengowo, idzafuna galasi chifukwa cha izi.

Zida za nkhondo

Masts a sitima imeneyi amapangidwa ndi chitsulo ndipo amatchedwa "nkhondo". Mapulatifomu apadera akugwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anitsitsa kapena kuika zida zapadera poika zida zamagetsi.

Poyamba, zidole zankhondo zinkapangidwa ndi mitengo yolimba, koma pamene chombocho chinkagwera, sitimayo sinali yogwirizana. Chifukwa cha zolakwitsa zonse za nthawiyi, tsopano akuika masts apadera atatu kapena ma latti (openwork) masts. Iwo ali olimba kwambiri, musagwe pansi kugunda molunjika.

Malingana ndi chiwerengero cha masts amagawidwa mu zida chimodzi, ziwiri, zitatu,, ndi zinayi.

Mitundu ya sitima zapamadzi

Pa masitanti angapo m'chombocho, dzina lake limadalira. Masts asanu, masts anai, mabotolo okhala ndi masentimita awiri, 4 ndi asanu, barkentine (1 mastoni yolunjika, 2 kuyala), brig ndi masititi awiri, komanso schooner, chombo cha brigantine, ndi zina zotero.

Chiwerengero cha masts, malo awo ndi malo otsetsereka ndizosiyana.

Sitima zoyendetsa sitima zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu, malinga ndi masikiti angapo omwe amaikidwa pa iwo:

• Zombo zoyendetsa sitima imodzi, kuphatikizapo yal, katchi, sloop, ndi zina zotero.
• Zombo ziwiri zoyenda bwino ndi brig, schooner, brigantine, ndi zina zotero.
• Zombo zoyenda mitunda zitatu: frigate, caravel, makungwa, ndi zina zotero.

Zakale za mbiriyakale

Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe sitimayo ili, ndi angati omwe alipo, zomwe akufuna, etc. Pomalizira, ndikufuna ndikupita mozama mu nkhaniyo ndi kukuuzani za zochitika zodziwika bwino zomwe zingakhale zothandiza kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi pa mutuwu.

Anthu adaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito sitima pazinthu zokha zaka 3,000 zapitazo. Anthu atangoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mphepo pofuna cholinga chawo. Kenaka sitimayo inali yosakanikirana kwambiri ndipo inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ku rye, yomwe ili pamphepete kakang'ono. Ntchito yomanga imeneyi inathandiza kokha mphepo yabwino. Kotero, nthawizina panalibe nzeru kuchokera kwa iye nkomwe.

Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, panthawi yamadongosolo, kumanga sitima kunakula kwambiri. Zombozo zinali ndi masti awiri, ndipo sitimazo zinali zofanana kwambiri. Koma ntchito yomanga sitima sinayambe panthawiyo. M'masiku amenewo, ntchitoyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Choncho, palibe amene wapanga makampani awa.

Pambuyo pa kutha kwa ogwira ntchito, ufulu wa ogwira ntchito panyanja unakhala wovuta. Kugwira ntchito kwa ngalawa, zomwe zinkatheka pokhapokha kutenga nawo mbali anthu ambirimbiri, sizinatheke, chifukwa kukulitsa ndi kukula kwa ubale wamalonda kunatanthauza kusamukira ku madera ena.

Chombo choyamba, pokwaniritsa zofunikira za nthawiyo, chinatchedwa "nave". Poyamba anali ndi masiti 1 kapena 2. Kutalika kwake kunali mamita 40. Ndipo ankanyamula matani 500 a ziwiya zimenezi.

Carrakka ndi chotengera chachitatu. Mabokosi awiri oyambirira anali ndi maulendo owongoka, omwewa anali amphindi. Kenaka mitundu iŵiriyi idalumikizana kukhala imodzi ndipo inali chithunzi cha ngalawa zamakono ndi frigates.

Galleon ndi sitima ya ku Spain yokhala ndi masts 4 ndi bowsprit, ndi maulendo owongoka.

Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yomanga sitima kunachititsa kuti pakhale kuwonekera kwabwino kwa ngalawa. Kugawidwa kwa zombo zamalonda ndi zankhondo kunapanga zida zawo.