Chilumba cha Sumatra. Indonesia chilumba: malo m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso kufotokoza

Indonesia - boma waukulu mu South-West Asia - osati kanthu limatchedwa dziko la zilumba chikwi. Iye anatambasula pa mbali ya New Guinea, ndi zilumba Molukskih Sunda, yaikulu imene - Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra, chilumba cha Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Bali ndi ena. Zilumba zitatu Indonesia aphatikizidwa pamwamba sikisi mu dziko.

otentha paradaiso

Indonesia Islands ndi variegated pamphasa wa anthu kusakaniza, zikhalidwe, mitunda osiyana, nyengo. Mmodzi wa zodabwitsa kwambiri ndi Sumatra, lomwe anthu ambiri amalitcha kontinenti mu kakang'ono. Pali otentha ndipo m'tchire, fens ndi mapiri aatali. Pachilumbacho ndi kunyumba kwa rhinos ndi njovu, anyalugwe ndi akambuku, zimbalangondo ndi njati - zomera chachikulu, osati achilendo ku zilumba.

malo Hrs

Sumatra - chimodzi cha zilumba waukulu wa Chimaleya Archipelago. Iwo umachokera ku kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa 1,800 Km. M'dera la chilumbachi - 421 000 Km ^2. Iye anapanga dongosolo la m'mapiri, kuika patsogolo kwambiri mpaka kumadzulo. Mfundo apamwamba ali pa mtunda wa 30-50 Km from Indian Ocean. Iwo alibe mayina. Madera kum'mwera amatchedwa Barisan mapiri, dera la kumpoto kwa chilumbachi paima Batak okwera.

Padziko "mayi" wa chisumbucho munali ndi m'madera ang'onoang'ono dziko. Pa mbali ya Indian Ocean alimbane kufanana kwa Sumatra kulibe asezare lamapiri Malo: Mentawai, Nias, Ang. Pamodzi kum'mawa gombe anatambasula Sinkep, Bank, Belitung. Iwo anatchuka Simalur (Simeulue) - Indonesia chilumba cha kumadzulo kwa Sumatra. Mu 2004, iyo inagunda gombe chimphona madzi osefukira.

pafupi kwambiri, kumpoto, yomwe Chimaleya Peninsula - gawo la Africa ku Asia. Sumatra amalekanitsa ndi Khwalala ya Malacca. Nawa maulendo zofunika kwambiri kutumiza: ndi cargoes wolemera anakopeka achifwamba chenicheni cha m'ma XXI, katundu zombo. East, 420 Km, ndi "m'chimwene wamkulu" - chilumba cha Borneo (Kalimantan). Pakati pa "banja" akupita Karimata Khwalala. Kuli anthu ambiri Indonesia chilumba cha Java, wosiyana Sumatra Sunda Khwalala m'lifupi 25 Km.

Kuti "kumene ndi Sumatra" akhoza adayankha mwachidule kuti: pakati pa Australia ndi Asia. Ndipo ngati zambiri ndendende - mu kutali kumadzulo kwa Chimaleya Archipelago, mu makona pakati Java, Kalimantan ndi Chimaleya Peninsula.

nthaka

Sumatran mapiri inakhazikitsidwa mwina mu Hercynian, mwina mu Mesozoic ndi Paleogene kungomanga ina, ali aang'ono kotenga kumaliseche. Iwo wapangidwa quartzites, schists, limestones wa Paleozoic zaka, pali zotuluka lubwe intrusions. Kutalika pafupifupi pa mapiri - kuyambira mu 1500 mpaka 3000 m.

Ridge Barisan anagawa kotenga zone zolakwa ndi grabens m'madera awiri kufanana. chilumbachi ndi aposa ndi cones zambiri za mapiri udakali zinatha, Pakati bwinobwino phiri lalitali kwambiri Sumatra -. Kerinci (Indrapura), kutalika kwa 3800 mamita kenako Dempo (3159 m) ndi Marapi (2891 m). Khumi alipo zimphona.

Pakati oyandikana Sumatra ndi Java mu Sunda Khwalala, kubisala stratovolcano Krakatau (813 m). kuphulika ake n'zochepa, koma ndi zoopsa chiwonongeko. Ntchito Last unkachitika pano mu 1999. Mu 1927-1929 gg. chifukwa cha m'madzi kuphulika anapanga chilumba Anaki-Krakatoa. Koma kuphulika kwa 1883 pafupifupi anawononga kamodzi mkulu chilumba - kuphulikako ankaona uliwonse America, katatu lapafupi Dziko Lapansi.

mpumulo

Mosiyana ndi kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa mapiri, kum'mawa kwa Sumatra ndi lalikulu m'madambo alluvial otsika. Mbali A m'deralo ndi gawo la mafunde a m'mphepete mwa nyanja anasefukira. pansi pano chonde nkhalango yaikulu mitengo. Sumatra, Island Bank ndi Belitung wolemera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere: mafuta, malasha, golide, manganese, chitsulo, faifi tambala, tini.

nyengo

Chimaleya zilumba pa mapu ili mu zone kunyanja pakati pa Asia ndi Australia. Nyengo ndi chinyezi. Chamvula Sumatra malo kuposa 3500-3800 mm (adza kwa 6000 mm), ngakhale iwo adzagwa omangidwa. A wambirimbiri mvula chifukwa cha phiri chotchinga anatambasula pamodzi chilumba chonse. Zolemba malire chinyezi kugwa mu October ndi November kumpoto kwa dziko, ndi mu December ndi January - kum'mwera kwa izo. Mu kumpoto, nyengo ndi zochepa mpweya anafotokoza bwino kuposa kumwera. Omasuka kutentha - 25-27 madigiri pafupifupi chaka chonse, koma zake chithunzi yabata ya chinyezi amazipanga mkulu.

Kummawa kwa chilumbachi mu Straits wa Malacca nthawi zambiri mphepo yamphamvu kuwomba kum'mawa. Iwonso amayesetsa mphamvu pazipita panthawi ya kum'mwera chakumadzulo yamvula. Kwenikweni, mphepo yamkuntho imeneyi pamodzi ndi mabingu, anati usiku - mwachionekere, zimenezi kumathandiza kuti lokwera la Sumatra, anakafika kufanana kwa Khwalala ya Malacca.

madambo

Kuzilumba za Indonesia, chifukwa mvula wochuluka, ndi chinyezi kwambiri. Ndi ambiri a m'madera mitsinje yambiri ikuyenda. Nazonso ndi Sumatra: mtsinje maukonde ndi wandiweyani zokwanira, mitsinje musati adzauma pasanathe chaka, kusamba kuti achoke phiri kwambiri matope. Mitsinje yaikulu kwa chilumbachi ndi imasonkhezera, Hari, Kampar, Rokan, Inderagiri.

Chilumba lili nyanja ambiri. Mu likulu la Batak okwera tuff mu beseni chiphala ndi nyanja yaikulu ku Indonesia - Toba, pachilumba cha Samosir pakati. Nthawi imodzi uko analipo osiyana Batak ukulu, yemwe mbadwa, malinga ndi nthano, anakakhala mu Sumatra. nyanjayi ili pamalo okwera mamita 904 pamwamba pa nyanja. Area - zoposa 1000 Km ² ndi pazipita kuya - mamita 433. Apa ndi ozizira, makamaka usiku. Pa Asahan mtsinje ukuyenda mwa posungira, anamanga opangira magetsi mphamvu siteshoni ndi mphamvu 320 000 kW.

Chivundikiro nthaka

Mitundu yofala dothi ndi podzolized laterites kuti anapanga pa weathering kutumphuka. Pa m'tsinde ndi m'mapiri a nthaka anaimira phiri laterite. Kummawa, ndi gulu lonse anatambasula alluvial ndi chinyontho dothi, ndipo mu yopapatiza mzere m'mphepete mwa nyanja - mitengo.

zomera

Udindo Hrs ya Sumatra pa equator kumathandiza kuti m'nkhalango zikuluzikulu, iwo amakhala danga. Mwatsoka, zigwa mtsinje, zigwa ndi m'maenje phiri la m'madera ambiri Nkhalango kudula, ndipo anayamba m'madera kukula mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Pachilumba chimagwiritsidwa wobzalidwa mphira mitengo, mpunga, mgwalangwa, fodya, tiyi, thonje, tsabola.

Mitundu ambiri nkhalango ndi:

• rasamaly ndi mkuyu mitengo;
• mitundu yambiri ya mitengo: shuga, palmyra, nati, Isikariyote, rattan; mu malire m'munsi mwa mitsinje ndi zithaphwi - nipa; kokonati - mu zone ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja;
• original mtengo Mumapezekanso, bamboos chachikulu (kwa 30-40 mamita mu msinkhu), amorphous-kuderako ndi Falus tiziromboti duwali.

Mu gombe la kumpoto-kum'mawa chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mitengoyi otsika-atagona. Pa matendawa, intermountain m'madera ang'onoang'ono wotanganidwa ndi udzu. Pa okwera 1.5-3 Km nkhalango wamba ndi predominance mitengo yobiriwira (mlombwa, thundu), pali conifers, yotakata-Ndalankhula deciduous (mgoza, mapulo) mitengo. Pamwamba 3000 mamita nkhalango anagwetsa scrubby m'nkhalango mitundu zitsamba ndi udzu.

zomera

Island zomera zimagwiritsa umaimiridwa ndi mitundu nkhalango. Sumatran m'nkhalango akhala Mecca kwa Eco-alendo amene mukufuna kukumana ndi moyo wa mmodzi wa mitundu chidwi kwambiri anyani chachikulu - orangutans.

Komanso mmene nyama Ndi anyani (wandiweyani Lory, Siamang, Southern nkhumba tailed macaque, rhesus brownie) COLUGO, abuluzi, mapuloteni, yoongoka, mileme. Mwa anthu akuluakulu zigwire nyanga ziwiri Chipembere njovu Indian, Sumatran nyalugwe, Malayan tapir, kambuku, milozo nkhumba, chilumba Weaver, Chimaleya chimbalangondo, chilombo galu.

Mwa mbalame chidwi kwambiri gomray, Argus, boatbill, mitundu yambiri ya nkhunda. Wa zokwawa pa chisumbu zimapezeka zouluka zimbalangondo gavials (ng'ona), njoka. Wa achule legless waima caecilians. A zambiri tizilombo osiyana, arachnids.

matalala supervolcano

Sumatra Island pa mapu si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera m'mayiko oyandikana nawo, koma apa kuti zaka 73.000 zapitazo panali epochal chiwonongeko chimene chinasintha mbiri ya Earth. Supervolcano kuphulika spawned zikamera otchedwa chiphala yozizira, chokhala nyukiliya. Kuwonjezera 3000 Km ³ phulusa mu mlengalenga ali ndi kuchuluka yaikulu anhydride, chikwiyire ambiri asidi mvula.

zaka zisanu pa dziko analamulira abnormally otsika kutentha, mvula asidi amene anawononga zomera. Anasintha Zakachikwi amakhala ndi isanayambike kuzirala ndi oundana. Chifukwa cha ambiri omwe anthu anapulumuka okha wochenjera kwambiri - 10 000 mamembala a mitundu Homo sapiens mu mtima wa Africa. Ndipotu, masoka achilengedwe chinathandiza "zachiwawa" Kukula kwa nzeru kwa makolo athu.

nyanja Toba

Sumatra - chilumba malo chodabwitsa achilengedwe. The chidwi kwambiri Geological ndi chikhalidwe kukopeka ndi dziko lonse chiphala m'nyanja Toba, wodzazidwa ndi Chigwa chimphona kuti supervolcano kwambiri. miyeso yake (kutalika - 100 Km, m'lifupi - 30 Km, kuya - 505 m) kulola dziwe kukhala waukulu kwambiri Indonesia ndi wachiwiri (pambuyo Nyanja Tonle Sap) kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.

Nyanja Toba ndi kwabasi chilumba cha Samosir. Ndi wotchuka chifukwa zokongola zosaneneka, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi yolondola. Palibe Asilamu okha, komanso anthu amene amatchedwa Batak. Iwo - Akristu ndi chosiyana kwambiri miyambo wowerengeka, luso makamaka zomangamanga. Samosir ndi yaing'ono, m'litali mwa nyanja ake - 111 Km. Koma m'dera laling'ono organically zoyenera ndipo anayamba malo alendo, ndi "uthenga wabwino" malo achilengedwe ndipo tsiku ndi tsiku Sumatran wamba.

Ngakhale madzi mu Toba, chilungamo chake, buluu, mitunda ozungulira ndi microclimate amatikumbutsa gombe Mediterranean. Yopuma ubale yekha pakalibe mafunde akuluakulu, omwe anthu apaulendo ambiri ndi mwayi waukulu.

anthu

Mu Indonesia pali anthu oposa 300, pamene akatswiri a zinenero chifukwa cha zinenero amoyo 719 ndi zinenero zina zambiri. 90% wa nzika, kuphatikizapo Sumatra - Asilamu. Islands kwambiri kudziwa Indonesia, yemwe ali ndi zaka 50 zokha. Umabweretsa pamodzi anthu osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu mu dziko, izo kusukulu, izo umalamulira TV ndi m'nyuzipepala.

Mu dera kumadzulo (Bank, Sumatra, Mentawai Islands, ndi zilumba Ling ndi ena) pali anthu oposa 50 miliyoni, olankhula zinenero 52. Kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Sumatra ndi ambiri zilumba chimakhala chogwidwa ndi Malays kumwera - ndi Chijavanisi. Chinese ndi Tamils wambiri chikufunika m'tawuni.

M'mizinda moyo osachepera theka la anthu. Major matauni madera:

• Medani - anthu mamiliyoni 2.1 (2010).
• Palembang - oposa 1.5 miliyoni (2010).
• Batam (Riau Islands) - miliyoni 1.15 (2012).
• Pekanbaru - 1.1 (2014).

Central highlands ndi ozungulira nyanja ya Toba ndi kunyumba kwa anthu odabwitsa - Batak. Choyamba, izo kudabwa zomangamanga awo wosangalatsa: atatu-storey nyumba amatikumbutsa za chingalawa cha Nowa. anthu zakwawoko kufotokoza kuti pansi woyamba ndi nyama kale mu nkhalango anali kwambiri zilombo zolusa, kotero nyumba inamangidwa "pa mapazi ake" (pa Nyumba Zam'mwamba) chitetezo. Chapamwamba moyo wa banja, ndipo mu chapamwamba - mizimu. Ngakhale Batak - Akhristu mu mzimu iwo akukhulupirira kwenikweni, chifukwa attics kukula Mwinanso upambana woyamba awiri apansi pamodzi. Kunyumba Batak (pa chilumba awo okwana pafupifupi 6) chilankhulo chawo, koma ambiri ali ndi Indonesia dziko. anthu ambiri amadziwa Chingelezi.