Khala n'chiyani, ndipo kodi iwo?

Nkhaniyi imatiuza za zimene makala kuti malasha malasha, monga likakhazikitsidwa komanso ziti zimene ntchito mu nthawi yathu.

tanthauzo

Onse kamodzi, koma tamva mawu monga malasha kapena malasha. Choncho ndi chiyani icho? Ngati yankho ku funso limeneli amatchula ofotokozera dictionary Ozhegova ndipo pali mungapeze matanthauzo zotsatirazi: malasha - asayansi olimba mafuta mankhwala, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi zomera wakale. Makala amatchedwanso Mwachitsanzo, zatsalira nkhuni ukagwira - moto wamakala, moto ng'anjo, ndi zina zotero. Mwa njira, kuti malasha pambuyo Nkhuntho, ntchito imeneyi si zolondola, zimene zinachitikira umatchedwa zatsalira slag.

Komanso, poyankha funso ili: "Kodi ndi makala," mtengo ndi ofunika ponena - iwo amakonda kusunga otentha ngakhale pambuyo yaitali kutentha mankhwala. Kale, ili ndi katundu wawo opindulitsa ntchito kupanga chitsulo ku miyala ndi blacksmiths kukhalabe kutentha mu ng'anjo. Ndipo makala anali kale ntchito ngati mbali constituent wa ufa wakuda. Koma kenako chiwembu chakale cha "saltpeter, sulfure ndi makala," kuzisiya latsopano opanda utsi ufa. Chotero ife tikumvetsa kuti makala amenewa, ndipo tione khala - mchere kuti kamodzi anathandiza anthu kupanga mafakitale.

mapangidwe

Ndi ponena chakuti malasha anali mchere koyamba kuti anthu aphunzira kuti ndi ntchito ofunika.

Mapangidwe Madamu waukulu anayamba, malinga ndi asayansi, pafupifupi mamiliyoni 400 zapitazo. Ndiye m'dziko chidafundidwa ndi zithaphwi ndi nkhalango zotentha. Pang'onopang'ono anasonkhanitsa pansi pa mbewu, ndi m'madera madzi anali patsogolo ndi wosauka pa mpweya, pang'onopang'ono anapanga tsogolo malasha makala. sitepe yake yoyamba anali kuwaika, ndipo pang'onopang'ono pressurized ndi wothinikizidwa miyala.

Chinachake zingapo, maphunziro yotakata mtundu wa mafuta chaleka. Akukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyo ndi bowa wamba, kapena kani, nkhungu kuti iwo amayambitsa. Amene lamamatira zinthu kuthandiza mapangidwe malasha. Chifukwa kayendedwe zonse kutumphuka padziko lapansi ndi kulakwa a m'mayiko ena kwambiri malasha seams pang'onopang'ono anaturuka, anthu aphunzira ntchito mchere - malasha.

mafakitale zisinthe

Mu Russian Ufumu khala ntchito ndi ang'ono, ndi kupanga zikuluzikulu inayamba mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX, Atapeza madipoziti wolemera. Komabe, chiyembekezo cha mtundu uwu wa mafuta anamvetsa ngakhale Peter yekha woyamba.

Chotero pamene iye anali mu kampeni Azov, anasonyezedwa mchere wakuda bwino kutenthedwa. Kenako, kuyambira 1722, lamulo lachifumu bungwe maulendowa kwa kufufuza a madipoziti ake.

Kodi mpweya malasha? Wakuda uyu, wandiweyani, koma Chimaona mchere ndi kutentha kuyaka. Iwo agawidwa mitundu itatu.

Choyamba - ichi ndi anthracite. Okhutira mpweya m'menemo ndi 95%. Zodula kwambiri ndi mkulu-mphamvu mtundu wa mafuta. Ndi ntchito makamaka zolinga mafakitale.

The chachiwiri - ndi malasha. Inakhalapo ku miyala nyanja, kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'menemo 75-95. Komanso lili wambirimbiri chinyezi chifukwa chimene uyatsa ndipo amayaka si abwino monga anthracite.

Lachitatu ndi wotsiriza - ndi zofiirira malasha. Ndi achinyamata ambiri peat anapangidwa kuchokera zatsalira lili ku 65 75% mpweya.

Mu zoyambirira za XIX atumwi ku Russia anayamba kupanga zambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito izi. Koma monga mwa dziko lonse. A mtundu watsopano wa mafuta adzakhala kwambiri kukhala makampani Mwachitsanzo linanena bungwe yomweyo ya chitsulo nkhumba, amene poyamba sanathe kutulutsa mwaunyinji.

Kupanga ndi Phunziro pankhaniyi

Anatulutsa njira ziwiri: mobisa ndi panja. Ambiri woyamba monga ogulitsira ake kunja padziko lapansi ndi n'chosoŵa ndipo sanachedwe kutha. Pamene kufunika kumanga wanga mobisa, kumene kuya kwa dongosolo la dziko wosweka khala m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kenako, kumene ndi kusanja ndi potsegula.

Zimenezi kugwirizana ndi mtundu wina wa ngozi - zinyalala, madzi osefukira, mabomba a dziko. Kuwonjezera fumbi khala Nthawi zambiri carcinogens, ndi Anthuwa kuvala respirators amene amachepetsa kupuma ndipo zotsatira zake, kuwombola mpweya m'magazi.

Malasha ntchito zingapo za mafakitale kuyambira mphamvu, kutsiriza ndi chizolowezi nyumba m'mudzi Kutentha.

kuopsa

Ngakhale mtengo wotsika kupanga ndi mkulu kutentha kuyaka kwa kuwotcha malasha amachititsa mavuto kwambiri chilengedwe. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti pa kuyaka izo limatulutsa yambiri mpweya woipa umene kukuwonjezera zotsatira kutentha.

Chotero ife tikumvetsa kuti malasha ndi momwe iwo, amene amapangidwa ndi zimene kuchuluka kwawo. Mpaka lero, mafuta sinditi, koma nkhokwe ake zatha, kuti amatichititsa kuganiza za kufufuza madera mphamvu zina.