Mbali kandalama za maselo columnar a minofu. Palisade (columnar) tsamba minofu ya zomera mbale

Zosiyanasiyana maselo zimakhala amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kukula thupi. Kudulidwa kwa maudindo a mukachipinda angayerekezedwe ndi kugawira ntchito fakitale, ngati lililonse limakhala amachita kokha ntchito yake chibadidwe, chifukwa chonse akhoza analandira mu nthawi yaifupi. N'chimodzimodzinso aliyense chamoyo moyo, amene khalidwe la moyo kumadalira zovuta chitukuko ndi zamoyo wa niches azigwira.

ndi zimene selo zamoyo zamoyo

Khola - ndi structural ndi zinchito unit wa zamoyo zonse. Mwina kupatulapo kupanga mavairasi - osakhala ma moyo mawonekedwe. Nsalu - ya maselo intercellular zinthu, kukhala ndi dongosolo, ntchito ndi chiyambi. Biology selo ntchito potengera matabwa ake, amene malinga ndi digiri ya gulu la nyama kapena zomera.

The zosiyanasiyana za maselo a nyama ndi zomera akubwerera mu ontogenesis. Aliyense wa iwo amachokera ku kalambulabwalo minofu, ngati nyama ndi maselo tsinde, zomera - meristem.

Kodi khungu? Biology ndi dongosolo selo zimawathandiza wachinsinsi m'magulu awiri.

1. Eukaryotic maselo. Zikuphatikizapo mayunitsi structural wa nyama ndi zomera zamoyo.

2. The prokaryotic maselo. Iwo yodziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa phata ndi organelles ena. Zamoyo prokaryotic monga mabakiteriya.

Kapangidwe selo nyama

Kuphunzira nyumba selo nawo zamoyo. Kapangidwe ka selo nyama anatulukira ndi Hooke m'zaka za m'ma 19, koma kwathunthu izo ankafufuza kuyandikira kwa Zakachikwi 20.

selo nyama ndi cytoplasm atazunguliridwa plasmalemma. Mu cytoplasm a "tiwolokere" ndi organelles zosiyanasiyana ndi inclusions. Ndi organelles ndi lysosomes, mitochondria, zida Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes. Kulolerana - ndi zinthu zimene kusungunuka cytosol ndi akuyembekezera kufikira zofunika pomanga nyumba ya chipindacho.

Mosiyana ndi mbewu, mu selo nyama si khoma selo, ndi vacuole ndi chloroplast. No zina ❖ kuyanika zovuta amakhudza Mwachitsanzo, pa mfundo za plasmalemma mapindikidwe pa fission.

Kapangidwe ka maselo chomera

Internal zili chomera selo ndi watanthauzo kwambiri kuposa chinyama. Choyamba, mungapeze dongosolo dvumembrannye - chloroplasts. Ndipo ntchito ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ndondomeko ya photosynthesis, chimene chiri chofunika kwa zomera mawu a gwero mphamvu zina pamodzi ndi kupuma, ndi shuga.

Selo mbewu zina kunja ataphimbidwa ndi khoma selo. Amakhala ulusi mapadi, ndi mfundo kukhudzana maselo zoyandikana alipo pectin. Pali amphamvu panja zovuta salola kukhudzana monga kuchita maselo nyama. Udindo waukulu ankaimba ndi zoyendera mu kapangidwe ka maselo. Kalasi 6, mmene zamoyo afufuza si choncho kwambiri, izo sasamalira zokhudza desmosomes - pores yapadera khoma selo, zimene kusuntha zinthu kuchokera selo wina ndi mzake. Ndi nyumba izi Pitani ku vacuole kudzera yaing'ono m'mimba mwake mlatho.

Vacuole - izi ndi kusiyana wina ku chomera selo nyama. Ntchito yake ndi kusunga a alkaloids mankhwala yogwira, zidulo, calcium kuthandiza ziziyenda kuthamanga osmotic. Komanso, alkaloids ndi asidi akhoza kusokoneza nkhani za cytoplasm, choncho ayenera udzakhazikitsidwe mu organelle akutali ndi Kakhungu wapadera, zomwe sangalowerere kudzera mamolekyulu kukula izi. Vacuole Kakhungu wotchedwa tonoplast.

mbali zonse structural ya maselo columnar minofu ndi zofanana mwa dongosolo zikuchokera zomera maselo.

maselo prokaryotic

Mabakiteriya (monga oimira prokaryotes a) Kodi evolutionarily zamoyo zochepa otukuka. The bakiteriya cytosol selo wazunguliridwa ndi Kakhungu, pakhoma mchipinda ndipo mucous kapisozi. Mkati pali organelles amene ali eukaryotes. Ngale nawonso akusowa, ndi zinthu zonse majini kwake ambiri mabakiteriya ndi khromozomu chimodzi chokha.

selo kagayidwe imayendetsedwa ndi nyumba wapadera - mesosoma. Iwo akuyimira outgrowth wa Kakhungu cytoplasmic mu khungu, ndipo ntchito zawo ndi kupuma kapena dzuwa, mu nkhani ya mabakiteriya photosynthesis.

Pakalibe ngale kumathandiza kuti mlingo wa galamafoniyo ndipo yomasulira. bayinare mlingo wa Chigawo selo komanso kuchuluka: a njuchi mabakiteriya angathe pawiri manambala awo pa mphindi 20.

ntchito selo

Khola monga structural ndi zinchito unit wa zamoyo zonse ingagwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokhudza ntchito yokonza ntchito yofunika. Ntchito yaikulu ndi ankaimba ndi kapangidwe ka khungu. Kalasi 6, mmene zamoyo afufuza pa mlingo aang'ono, kuwauza mbali yaikulu ya gulu la unit selo.

Khama la zomera maselo - njira multistage imene meristem anapanga zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zina: coverslips, excretory, kupereka makina. Maselo ndi aliyense wa zimakhala izi zosiyana kwa wina mu dongosolo ndi ntchito iwo kuchita. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito kuphimba selo - musalole wothandizila achilendo m'thupi pamene zinthu kuchititsa ndi koyenera kuti zoyendera zinthu organic ndi mchere mu mbewu.

Mogwirizana maselo zimatheka ndi malo apadera amene ayitanidwa plasmodesmata. Lamulo ntchito limapezeka pa mlingo amuzolengedwa mwa zosiyanasiyana michere ndi metabolites.

List - ziwalo vegetative zomera

Ntchito Ziwalo vegetative ndicho kukhala ndi luso moyo mbewu pa mlingo ndi mulingo woyenera. Leaf komanso limabweretsa gulu ili, kotero ntchito yake yaikulu - ndi photosynthesis.

Ndime nsalu - ichi ndi chachikulu photosynthesis tsamba minofu. Amakhala ndi maselo parenchymal, ndiwo ambiri chloroplasts. Minofu maselo columnar ali pafupi pamwamba chapamwamba pepala kupeza mphamvu dzuwa ndi moyenera, kuwonjezera liwiro ndi dzuwa la photosynthesis.

Komanso pepala umalowa minofu chofewa ngati siponji, amenenso ali chloroplasts, koma chiwerengero chawo ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa polisadnoy parenchyma. Popeza kuti Ntchito yaikulu ya maselo a chofewa ngati siponji minofu - mpweya kuwombola chifukwa malo lalikulu intercellular.

Mbali structural ya maselo columnar minofu tsamba

Palisade parenchyma ali zigawo chapamwamba cha pepala kuti kudziunjikira kuchuluka kwambiri mphamvu ya dzuwa. M'pofunika otaya imayenera wa magawo kuwala ndi mdima wa dzuwa, amene yekha anapereka zowunikira.

Columnar selo - selo ndi elongated cylindrical mawonekedwe, amene waukulu ntchito - njira photosynthesis. Pakuti ichi alipo makumi angapo chloroplasts, yomwe ili pa periphery selo maselo columnar minofu. Chotero anakonza malo cytosol chifukwa pamwamba kuwonjezeka dzuwa mayamwidwe.

Zomera C4 wa otentha a kunyanja dongosolo tsamba nkhalango ndi zosiyana pang'ono. Iwo columnar minofu ili mu zigawo ulemu ndi lowermost za thupi. Izi ndi chifukwa peculiarities wa siteji mdima wa dzuwa la zomera.

Features ya kapangidwe ka maselo columnar minofu ntchito kumapangitsanso mbewu dzuwa dzuwa.

dzuwa ndi chiyani?

Photosynthesis - njira Mipikisano amuzolengedwa amene chipereka mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a ATP ndi shuga - zimam'patsa amene kusungidwa ndi mbewu.

Photosynthesis lagawidwa magawo awiri: kuwala ndi mdima. Pa gawo loyamba, photolysis wa madzi, mpweya kumasulidwa wothandizila ndi-kaphatikizidwe ATP, NADPH. Mdima dzuwa sitepe ndi kugwa mosiyanasiyana yotsatana, chifukwa apanga shuga kapena shuga analogs.

N'chifukwa chiyani zomera dzuwa?

Kuti tikhale ndi wabwinobwino zomera masitolo yambiri wowuma. Wowuma - ndi polysaccharide, umene ndi shuga monomer. N'zosadabwitsa kuti thupi la zomera za magulu onse zotheka kwa organic nkhani yaikulu kuchuluka kutenga chakudya.

Features ya kapangidwe ka maselo columnar minofu angathandize kuyamwa mphamvu ya kuwala, izi n'zofunika kwambiri kuti zochita amuzolengedwa ya photosynthesis. Pa masitepe mdima apanga shuga ndi hexoses ena, amene kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a lalikulu mamolekyulu wowuma polymeric maselo parenchymal. Ngakhale mkati mwa chloroplasts zina n'kotheka kusunga wowuma mbewu.